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Pathology and microbiology > 4- Injury, repair and regeneration > Flashcards

4- Injury, repair and regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular injury can be

A

reversible or irreversible

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2
Q

Injury can be reversible or irreversible depending on…

A
  • Nature of injury agent
  • Duration of exposure
  • Type of Cell
  • Ability of cell to regenerate.
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3
Q

What are the causes of cellular injury

TTPDII

A

trauma
thermal injury (hot / cold)
poisons
drugs
infectious organisms
ionising radiation

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4
Q

What is direct injury

A

Damage cells and tissue causing cell death, bleeding and inflammation

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5
Q

What are some examples of direct injury

PCR

A
  • Physical trauma
  • Chemical injury
  • Radiation injury – Damage DNA and other cellular components
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6
Q

What are examples of indirect injury

OII

A
  • Oxidative stress – Damage DNA and cellular components
  • Inflammation
  • Immune-mediated injury – caused by autoimmune diseases and leads to the immune system attacking its own tissue
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7
Q

Radiation effects are dependent on

A

the dose, duration of exposure, and type of radiation

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8
Q

Harmful affects of radiation are

A

Acute radiation sickness
Cancer
Tissue damage

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9
Q

Radiation- acute radiation sickness

A

Exposure to high levels of radiation, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting

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10
Q

Radiation- cancer

A

Increase the risk of cancer development, as radiation damages DNA in cells and leads to mutations.

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11
Q

Radiation- tissue damage

A

damage tissues and organs, leading to tissue death and organ failure.

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12
Q

What are the benefits of radiation

A

Medical use
Sterilisation
Research

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13
Q

Medical use of radiation

A

Radiation is used in medical imaging and radiation therapy to diagnose and treat cancer and other medical conditions

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14
Q

Sterilisation use of radiation

A

Radiation is used to sterilize medical equipment.

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15
Q

Research use of radiation

A

Radiation is used in scientific research to study the properties of materials and molecules

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16
Q

Cell and tissue response injury (ICIAF)

A
  • Inflammation.
  • Cellular swelling
  • Ischaemia  Necrosis
  • Apoptosis – Apoptosis can occur in response to certain signals or stimuli, such as DNA damage or activation of specific signalling pathways.
  • Fibrosis.
17
Q

What is ischaemia

alive cells with ____ ____
____ ______ is restricted

A

Alive cells but reduced function

Blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body

Can eventually lead to necrosis or ulcers.

18
Q

What is necrosis

A

Death of tissues affecting multiple cells in an area. Resulting due to an injury or disease.
- cell nuclei break up and disappear– Caused by bacteria i.e Staph A or CNS after strokes
- Coagulation (Tissue initially swells then becomes firm) – Most common type

19
Q

What are ulcers

type of tissue injury characterised by ________ ___ _________ or _______

A

Type of tissue injury characterized by a break in the skin or mucous membrane leading to open lesions.
Ulcers can occur in various parts of the body, including the stomach, intestines, skin, and mouth.

20
Q

Types of ulcers

A

Ischaemic and necrotic

21
Q

What are ischaemic ulcers

cause?
where does it happen?

A

Typically due to arterial disease or blockages. Often occur in the lower legs or feet and can be slow to heal, as the lack of blood flow limits the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the affected tissue.

22
Q

What are necrotic ulcers

A

Caused by prolonged pressure on the skin, typically due to immobility or being bedridden. Prolonged pressure can lead to ischemia and subsequent necrosis, particularly challenging to treat, as the lack of blood flow to the affected area can limit the delivery of topical treatments and impede the healing process.

23
Q

What is repair and regeneration

A

The process of replacing injured or dead cells. Cell types vary in regenerative ability depending on type and location

24
Q

Types of repair and regeneration cells

A

Labile cells- Very high regenerative ability and turnover (e.g. intestinal epithelium)

Stable cells- Good regenerative ability but low rate of turnover (e.g.hepatocytes (Kidney))

Permanent cells- No regenerative ability often replaced with scar tissue (e.g.neurones)

Complex tissue architecture cannot be reconstructed

25
Q

Healing is seen as restorative and is aimed at

A

restoring structure and function of damaged tissue

26
Q

Healing by the first intention…

is there a residual effect and what does it form

A

with no, or minimal residual defect e.g. superficial skin abrasion, incised wound. Results in formation of thin scar

27
Q

Healing- skin

Exudation of ______ creates weak _____ join between edges of _____

A

The exudation of fibrinogen creates a weak fibrin join between the edges of the wound. Over time its replaced by a stronger collagen join, and epidermal regrowth occurs on top

28
Q

Healing by second intention…

repair is necessary because _________ is lost and _________ ____ _______

A

where repair is necessary as this is tissue loss and edges of wound cannot be brought together.

29
Q

Healing- organisation

_________is replaced by_____ then remodelled to form a _________

A

When granulation tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue, then remodelled to form a
scar. For specialised tissue its it the formation of scars to help it repair.

30
Q

Healing of ulcers

IPR

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodelling

31
Q

Ulcer healing- inflammation

removes any …… or ………..

A

to remove any pathogens or debris that may be present and begins the process of preparing the wound for healing

32
Q

Ulcer healing- proliferation

A

New formation of tissue – Granulation tissue

33
Q

Ulcer healing- remodelling

A

Tissue replaced by new skin cells

34
Q

Granulation tissue is NOT

A

Granulomas

35
Q

Granulation tissue is

___________of highly vascularised newly formed ____________

A

A repair phenomenon of highly vascularised newly formed connective tissue
The new blood vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to injury site
Ensures new tissue is aligned and has correct mechanical properties.
- Loops of capillaries supported by fibroblasts.
- Inflammation may be present.
- Eventually scar constricts – this may cause problems.

36
Q

What factors modify or impair healing

7

A
  • Age (very young/very old)
  • Loss/absence nerve supply
  • Decreased immunity – Being on corticosteroids (Cushing’s Syndrome, therapeutic) or have local or systemic infections.
  • Drugs.
  • diabetes mellitus
  • intercurrent disease (e.g. rheumatoid disease)
  • irradiation

Pathology and microbiology (9 decks)

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