(4) Microbial Genetics

Question 1

what is a genome

Answer 1

genome is an organism’s complete set of genes

Question 2

what is a gene

Answer 2

gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes for a specific gene product

Question 3

what is a chromosome

Answer 3

chromosome is a DNA molecule that’s tightly packaged into thread-like structures

Question 4

what is a plasmid

Answer 4

plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA that’s seperated from the main chromosomal DNa and can replicate indepedently.

Question 5

what is DNA

Answer 5

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 6

what is RNA

Answer 6

ribonucleic acid

Question 7

similarities of DNA and RNA

Answer 7

both are genetic information, both have G,C,A nitrogenous bases, both found in nucleus

Question 8

difference of DNA and RNA

Answer 8

DNA: double-stranded, have thymine, deoxyribonucleic acid, contains all genetic information
RNA: single-stranded, have uracil, ribonucleic acid, gene encodes for protein synthesis

Question 9

what is monomer of DNA/RNA called

Answer 9

nucleotide

Question 10

what does nucleotide contains

Answer 10

a phosphate, a 5-carbon ring sugar group and nitrogen base

Question 11

what are the characteristics of DNA

Answer 11

double-helix, complementary, antiparallel, semiconservative

Question 12

which are purine and pyrimidine bases

Answer 12

purine: A & G
pyrimidine: T & C

Question 13

antiparallel characteristic of DNA meaning

Answer 13

1st strand: 5’ to 3’ strands
2nd strand: 3’ to 5’ strands

Question 14

what are the 3 types of RNA

Answer 14

mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 15

what is the function of mRNA

Answer 15

contains genetic material that will be translated into amino acid

Question 16

what is the function of tRNA

Answer 16

to transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 17

what are the two DNA in bacterial cell

Answer 17

chromosomal DNA and plasmid

Question 18

difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 18

prokaryotic: chromosome in cytoplasm
eukaryotic: chromosome in nucleus

Question 19

what is the measure of genome

Answer 19

kilobases (Kb) 1000 base pairs or megabases

Question 20

what are the regions in plasmid

Answer 20

origin of replication, cloning site, antibiotic resistance site

Question 21

what is structural gene

Answer 21

a sequence of gene that code for mRNA or protein product

Question 22

what is regulatory gene

Answer 22

a gene involved in controlling gene expression

Question 23

define mutation

Answer 23

a change in a DNA sequence

Question 24

what is spontaneous mutation

Answer 24

a mistkaes during DNA replication and no mutagens involved. it’s a random event. (similar to making a typo)

Question 25

cause of mutation

Answer 25

random event, mutagen, transposon, deletion or insertion of dna, genetic transfer

Question 26

what are the outcome of mutations

Answer 26

no change, altered function or loss of function

Question 26

define point mutation

Answer 26

change of a single nucleotide to one of the other three possible nucleotides

Question 27

what is a transition mutation

Answer 27

a point mutation where a purine changes to another puring (A<->G) or pyrimidine to another pyrimidine (C<->T)

Question 28

what is a transversion mutation

Answer 28

a point mutation where purine (A or G) replaces pyrimidine (C or G) or vice versa

Question 29

define missense mutation

Answer 29

the change of a single base pair causes the production of a different amino acid in resulting protein

Question 30

example of missense mutation

Answer 30

hemoglobin mutation or sickle cell anemia

Question 31

define non-sense mutation

Answer 31

change in DNA that causes protein to terminate/end its translation earlier. this produce a short or nonfunctional protein

Question 32

what is gene insertion

Answer 32

changes in DNA sequence by adding one or more nucleotide to the gene

Question 33

what is gene deletion

Answer 33

the removal of one or more nucleotide from the gene that changes the DNA sequence

Question 34

3 ways of genetic transfer in bacteria

Answer 34

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 35

explain what is transformation genetic transfer

Answer 35

the process of gene trasnfer where DNA is transferred as a naked DNA.

Question 36

explain what is conjugation genetic transfer

Answer 36

gene transfer where recipient bacterium recevies DNA from donor bacteria through cell-to-cell contact (a pilus/pili)

Question 37

explain transduction

Answer 37

gene transfer where a virus is used to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another

Question 38

what is griffith's experiment (1928)

Answer 38

developing a vaccine for pneumonia using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae