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Food Microbiology > (4) Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

(4) Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome

A

genome is an organism’s complete set of genes

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2
Q

what is a gene

A

gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes for a specific gene product

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3
Q

what is a chromosome

A

chromosome is a DNA molecule that’s tightly packaged into thread-like structures

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4
Q

what is a plasmid

A

plasmid is an extrachromosomal DNA that’s seperated from the main chromosomal DNa and can replicate indepedently.

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5
Q

what is DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

what is RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

similarities of DNA and RNA

A

both are genetic information, both have G,C,A nitrogenous bases, both found in nucleus

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8
Q

difference of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: double-stranded, have thymine, deoxyribonucleic acid, contains all genetic information
RNA: single-stranded, have uracil, ribonucleic acid, gene encodes for protein synthesis

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9
Q

what is monomer of DNA/RNA called

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

what does nucleotide contains

A

a phosphate, a 5-carbon ring sugar group and nitrogen base

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of DNA

A

double-helix, complementary, antiparallel, semiconservative

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12
Q

which are purine and pyrimidine bases

A

purine: A & G
pyrimidine: T & C

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13
Q

antiparallel characteristic of DNA meaning

A

1st strand: 5’ to 3’ strands
2nd strand: 3’ to 5’ strands

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA)

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15
Q

what is the function of mRNA

A

contains genetic material that will be translated into amino acid

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16
Q

what is the function of tRNA

A

to transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

17
Q

what are the two DNA in bacterial cell

A

chromosomal DNA and plasmid

18
Q

difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome

A

prokaryotic: chromosome in cytoplasm
eukaryotic: chromosome in nucleus

19
Q

what is the measure of genome

A

kilobases (Kb) 1000 base pairs or megabases

20
Q

what are the regions in plasmid

A

origin of replication, cloning site, antibiotic resistance site

21
Q

what is structural gene

A

a sequence of gene that code for mRNA or protein product

22
Q

what is regulatory gene

A

a gene involved in controlling gene expression

23
Q

define mutation

A

a change in a DNA sequence

24
Q

what is spontaneous mutation

A

a mistkaes during DNA replication and no mutagens involved. it’s a random event. (similar to making a typo)

25
Q

cause of mutation

A

random event, mutagen, transposon, deletion or insertion of dna, genetic transfer

26
Q

what are the outcome of mutations

A

no change, altered function or loss of function

26
Q

define point mutation

A

change of a single nucleotide to one of the other three possible nucleotides

27
Q

what is a transition mutation

A

a point mutation where a purine changes to another puring (A<->G) or pyrimidine to another pyrimidine (C<->T)

28
Q

what is a transversion mutation

A

a point mutation where purine (A or G) replaces pyrimidine (C or G) or vice versa

29
Q

define missense mutation

A

the change of a single base pair causes the production of a different amino acid in resulting protein

30
Q

example of missense mutation

A

hemoglobin mutation or sickle cell anemia

31
Q

define non-sense mutation

A

change in DNA that causes protein to terminate/end its translation earlier. this produce a short or nonfunctional protein

32
Q

what is gene insertion

A

changes in DNA sequence by adding one or more nucleotide to the gene

33
Q

what is gene deletion

A

the removal of one or more nucleotide from the gene that changes the DNA sequence

34
Q

3 ways of genetic transfer in bacteria

A

transformation, conjugation, transduction

35
Q

explain what is transformation genetic transfer

A

the process of gene trasnfer where DNA is transferred as a naked DNA.

36
Q

explain what is conjugation genetic transfer

A

gene transfer where recipient bacterium recevies DNA from donor bacteria through cell-to-cell contact (a pilus/pili)

37
Q

explain transduction

A

gene transfer where a virus is used to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another

38
Q

what is griffith’s experiment (1928)

A

developing a vaccine for pneumonia using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Food Microbiology (8 decks)

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