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YA - Interactive seminars/University lectures > RESP - Respiratory infections > Flashcards

RESP - Respiratory infections Flashcards

1
Q

Cx of bacterial pneumonia (4)

A
  • abscess
  • pleural adhesions
  • empyema
  • infarct (occaional)
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2
Q

Define primary & post-primary tuberculosis

A

Primary: no previous infection/exposure

Post-primary: fresh infection in previously sensitised individual or reactivation of previously dormant primary lesion

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3
Q

How is tuberculosis infection established?

A

TB enters by airway -> tends to lodge peripherally: focus of primary infection (Gohn focus) at the apex of lower lobe or apex of upper lobe. Area of fibrosis underneath pleura. With reactive organisms, hilar lymph node is enlarged. Gohn complex = Gohn focus + hilar lymph node

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4
Q

Describe Necrotising granulomatous inflammatory process (TB histological pattern in the lung)

A
  • multinuclear cells
  • epithelioid
  • small lymphocytes
  • caseous necrosis in the centre
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5
Q

Describe miliary tuberculosis

A

Primary invasion in venous system. TB all throughout the body

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6
Q

What are the pathological features of acute necrotising viral pneumonia?

A
  • necrosis of bronchial epithelium
  • acute inflammatory exudate in bronchial lumen
  • haemorrhage into alveoli
  • inflammatory infiltration into surrounding alveoli
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7
Q

When do you see viral inclusion bodies?

A

-Adenovirus-cytomegalovirus

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8
Q

Describe 3 types of aspergillosis

A
  1. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
    - proximal airways
    - mucoid impaction
    - structure of airways maintained
  2. Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
    - distal airways
    - granulomatous inflammatory destruction of airways
  3. Angio-invasive aspergillosis
    - invasion of pulmonary arteries/veins
    - haemorrhagic infarction
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9
Q

What are the common fungal causes of pneumonia?

A
  • aspergillosis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans (can spread systemically -> can form a mass lesion in the brain)
  • pneumocystitis

All more common in immunocompromised

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10
Q

What are the host risk factors in resp infection?

A
  1. immune status
    - type of compromise
  2. age
    - normal flora change with age & other factors
    - social changes (day care, college)- infants & elderly
  3. structural/physiological abnormalities
    - e.g. bronchiectasis, tumour, CF
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11
Q

What are examples of URTI & their causative agents?

A
  • pharyngitis: group A strep, viruses
  • sinusitis: viruses, strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae, fungi
  • otitis media: Strep pneumoniae
  • epigolttitis: H. influenzae type B
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12
Q

Specimen collection for culture for

A
  • pharyngitis: throat swab
  • sinusitis: sinuses swab (surgical)
  • otitis media: diagnosed clinically. rarely obtain tympanocentesis
  • epiglottitis: direct swab of epiglottis. blood cultures
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13
Q

Describe Bordetella pertussis

A
  • Gram negative rod
  • very difficult to culture (fastidious)
  • Ix: PCR & serology
  • Rx: macrolide Abx within 3 weeks
  • notifiable disease
  • vaccine available
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14
Q

What are the common respiratory tract viruses & their usual clinical associations?

A
  • Influenza A, B: seasonal & pandemic influenza, pneumonia
  • Parainfluenza types 1, 2, 3: Group, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
  • Rhinovirus: mild URTI
  • Respiratory syncitial virus: Croup, bronchitis, pneumonia
  • Adenovirus: mild infection.
  • Coronavirus: mild URTI, SARS & MERS
  • Human metapneumovirus: usually mild URTI
  • Human bocavirus: usually mild URTI
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15
Q

What are the 3 most common organisms of typical pneumonia?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Haemophhilus influenzae
  3. Staphylococcus aureus
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16
Q

What are the 3 most common organisms of atypical pneumonia?

A
  1. Legionella pneumophila
  2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  3. Chlamydophia pneumoniae
17
Q

What are the 3 types of pneumonia (venue & aetiology related)?

A
  1. community acquired pnuemonia
  2. Nosocomial pneumonia
  3. Aspiration pneumonia: mixed anaerobes & aerobes
18
Q

How do you diagnose CAP?

A

M/C/S of sputum from the lungs rather than from the oral cavity

19
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • Gram positive diplococci
  • polysaccharide capsule
  • typical alpha haemolytic “draughtsmans” colonies on blood agar
  • catalase negative
  • optochin susceptible Clinically: causes classical lobar pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, bacteraemia & meningitis

RF: older age, alcoholism, indigenous Australians

Dx: “rust” coloured sputum, urinary Ag, PCR.

20
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenzae

A
  • Gram negative short rods (coccobacilli)
  • polysaccharide capsule
  • Fastidious; does not grow on blood agar, requires X & V factors for growth

Clinically cause lobar pneumonia, meningitis, etcRF: infants

Dx: Culture on chocolate agar

21
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram positive cocci in clusters- catalase positive, coagulase positive- grows well on routine lab agarClinically: more associated with underlying abnormalities. Secondary to viral/other infection, healthcare (nosocomial) settings, ventilator-associated pneumonia. DX: culture of sputum. Antibody susceptibility (e.g. MRSA)
22
Q

Describe Legionella pneumophila

A
  • Gram negative rod- fastidious (special agar required)Clinically: atypical pneumonia, systemic features common. RF: exposure, weakened immune system, older age, alcoholism, smokingDx: culture, urinary Ag (only covers one type), serology, PCR
23
Q

Describe Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Chlamydophila psittaci

A
  • intracellular - not readily detected by microscopy/cultureClinically: atypical pneumoniae. RF: young adults/ adolescents. Associated with birds as pets. (Psittaci)Dx: PCR
24
Q

Describe mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • intracellular- no true cell wallClinically: similar to C. pneumoniae (common, atypical, mild)RF: all ages. children. young adultsDx: PCR.
25
Q

Describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  • acid fast baccili. Ziehl-Nielson staining used- Mycolic acids in cell wall- slow growing (2-6 weeks)- PCR- can also look for it in the urine
26
Q

Describe Pneumocystic jirovecii

A
  • considered as a fungus- not culturable but can see with Silver stain- PCR- cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised (e.g. HIV)- insidious onset of SOB
27
Q

Describe Nocardia

A
  • Gram positive branching bacilli - Mycolic acids in the wall but not quite acid fast - can cause abscess in the brain- cavitating lesions
28
Q

Compare bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia and lobular pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia- patchy consolidation centred on inflamed bronchi- usually multifocal & bilateral involving lower lobes- elderly, debilitated individualsLobar pneumonia- previously healthy indiviuals- uniform consolidation of one or all lobes of a lungLobular- confluent consolidation in a part of a lung - common in Legionnaire’s disease

YA - Interactive seminars/University lectures (87 decks)

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