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From Flashcardlet > Ancient India > Flashcards

Ancient India Flashcards

0
Q

Bhagvadgita

A

-

-translated into English by Wilkins in 1785

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1
Q

Abhijnanashakuntalam

A

-

-translated into English in 1789 by Sir William Jones

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2
Q

Manusmriti

A
  • the law book of Manu

- translated in 1776 into English as the ‘A code of Gentoo Laws’ to administer the civil laws of Hindus

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3
Q

Max Mueller

A
  • German born, lived in England
  • Indologist, philologist
  • Edited series of fifty volumes called Sacred Books of the East
  • translated Vedas into German
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4
Q

Australopithecus

A
  • first hominid

- born around 324,000 BC in Africa

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5
Q

Ramapithecus

A
  • earliest hominid found in India

- found in the Shiwalik Mountains

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6
Q

Paleolithic Age

A

-from 340,000- 11,000 BC
-divided into lower, middle and upper ages
*the ages are distinguished by the advancement of the tools used,
through each of the ages, stone tools were common to all 3
-paleo: old, lith: stone
-the stone used for tools was primarily Quartz, therefore the culture is also called quartzite people
-by the end of this age, Homo sapiens had evolved

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7
Q

Paleolithic sites

A
  • Bhimbhetka Caves (Madhya Pradesh): Paleolithic cave paintings
  • Borra Caves (Andhra Pradesh): Oldest Paleolithic site in India
  • Attirambakam (Tamil Nadu): oldest Paleolithic hand axe
  • Sohan Valley (West Punjab)
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8
Q

Mesolithic Age

A
  • meso: middle; middle Stone Age
  • age of transition between Paleolithic and Neolithic ages
  • 11,000 to 10,000 BC
  • marked by the use of microliths, small stone tools
  • use of bow and arrow, covering of body with hides, and burial practices started in this period
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9
Q

Neolithic Age

A
  • new Stone Age

- 10,000- 4500 BC

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10
Q

Important developments of the Neolithic age

A
  • cultivation: Nile valley (8,000 BC)–> India via Central Asia
    • wheat and barley were the major crops
  • food gathering–> food producing (–> village settlement)
  • pottery making
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11
Q

Neolithic sites

A
  • Burjhom (Kashmir): double burial (man and wife or slaves)
  • Gokhral (Kashmir): Aceramic culture
  • Mehargarh (Pakistan): longest surviving Neolithic site, among the first to establish contacts with Mesopotamia
  • Choupani Mundo: earliest pottery
  • Kodiwaha (Rajasthan): evidence of extensive cropping patterns
  • Chirand (Bihar): tools made of human bone
  • Salbalgiri, Pandurajar Dhabi (Bengal): cultivation without domestication of animals
  • South Indian sites often featured large ash mounds indicative of extensive cultivation through clearing of forests; they were also the first to cultivate Ragi
  • Dharmagiri, Koppagai, Takkalikota, Hosur, Maski (Karnataka)
  • Utnoor (Telangana)
  • Nagarjuna Sagar (Andhra Pradesh)
  • Payampalli (Tamil Nadu)
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12
Q

Ceramic v. Aceramic cultures

A
  • pottery making developed during the Neolithic period
  • cultures with pottery tradition were called ceramic
    • Archaeological evidence improves as pottery helps identify races
  • cultures without pottery were called aceramic
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13
Q

Chalcolithic Period

A
  • copper and Stone Age

- 4500-2500 BC

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14
Q

Bronze Age

A
  • 2500-1750 BC

- metal replaces stone for the making of implements

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15
Q

Iron Age

A
  • 1000BC onwards
  • use of iron tools in agriculture improves yields, allowing for accumulation of surplus and freed up time and energies for diversification of occupation
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16
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

Harappan Civilization

A

-began in the Chalcolithic age

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17
Q

Major archaeologists of Mohenjodaro

A
  • Charles Mason found mounds of terra cotta in 1829 which the people then called Mohenjodaro, or the mound of the dead
  • the findings were collected by Alexander Cunningham in 1878
  • sir John Marshal carried out extensive findings on this site
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18
Q

Archaeological Survey of India

A
  • founded in 1861

- founded by Governor General Canning

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19
Q

Stages of the Indus Valley Civilization

A
  • Pre-Harappan: 4500-3500 BC, Baluchistan (10 villages)
  • Proto-Harappan: 3500-2500 BC, (4 cities)
  • Harappan: 2500-1750 BC, 250 sites
  • Post Harappan: 1750 BC, Sind
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20
Q

When and where did the Pre-Harappan Culture exist

A
  • 4500 BC, Baluchistan
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21
Q

To which culture are the following sites associated?

Gumla, Rahmandhere, Killigul Mohammad, Rana Gunda, Jalselrur, Sarai Kola

A

Pre-Harappan

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22
Q

4 Important Sites of Proto-Harappan culture

A
  1. Kot Diji, Sind
  2. Amri, Sind
  3. Kalibangan, Rajasthan
  4. Banwali, Haryana
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23
Q

Cultural traits of Proto-Harappa

A
  • Villages characterized by triangular hut habitation and crude pottery
  • Urban centers display advanced degrees of planning, two storied buildings built with baked bricks, and well developed polished pottery
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24
Q

Boundaries of the Indus Valley/ Harappan Civilization

A

East: Alamgirpur, UP
South: Dimabad
West: Suktazendor, Sind
North: Manda, Kashmir

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25
Q

11 significant sites of the Indus Valley Civilization

A
  1. Harappa (West Punjab): first IVC site discovered, Ravi river
  2. Mohenjo Daro (Sind): model IVC city Indus River
  3. Chanhu Daro (Sind) Indus River
  4. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Ghagar river
  5. Banwali (Haryana) Saraswati River
  6. Lothal (Gujarat) Cambay banks
  7. Surkotada (Gujarat) River Bhaghuva
  8. Rangpur (Gujarat)
  9. Dholavira (Gujarat)
  10. Rakhigari (Haryana): biggest site in India
  11. Kuntasi (Pakistan): biggest site
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26
Q

Common characteristics of Indus Valley cities

A
  • well developed drainage system
  • systematic town planning along perpendicular lanes
  • uniform bricks were used in construction, suggesting centralized production
  • citadel
  • granary
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27
Q

Who excavated Harappa

A

Devram Sahni

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28
Q

What is ‘Hariyupaya’?

A
  • name of Harappa in the Rg Veda

- destroyed by Indra

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29
Q

In which of the IVC sites are H shaped Cemeteries found?

A
  • Harappa

- these are indicative of foreign invasion, since h shaped cemeteries are alien to the IVC culture

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30
Q

What city is known as the city of granaries?

A
  • The IVC city Harappa

- the presence of 12 granaries has lent it this name

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31
Q

What does Mohenjo Daro mean?

A

mound of the dead

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32
Q

Who excavated Mohenjo Daro?

A

R.D. Banerjee

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33
Q

When was Mohenjo Daro excavated?

A

1922

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34
Q

Where was the seal of Pashupati found?

A

Mohenjo Daro, IVC site

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35
Q

Which was the most populated IVC city?

A

Mohenjo Daro

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36
Q

Where is the great granary found?

A

Mohenjo Daro, IVC site

This is the biggest granary found in an IVC site

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37
Q

What are steatites?

A

Soft rocks used to make rupee sized, square seals in the IVC
(~2000 have been found)
Procured from the Vindhya mountains

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38
Q

Describe the seal of Pashupati

A
  • Pashupati is shown with three faces, two horns, in a posture of deep meditation, with two deer at his feet (Proto-Shiva: Pashupati–>Rudra–>Shiva)
  • four animals are also depicted in four directions: buffalo, elephant, rhino, tiger
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39
Q

Where was the bronze image of a dancing girl found?

A

Mohenjo Daro, IVC site

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40
Q

Why was Mohenjo Daro reconstructed seven times?

A

Frequent flooding of the river Indus, upon the banks of which it was built

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41
Q

In which of the IVC sites was an ink pot found?

A

Chanhu Daro

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42
Q

Who excavated Chanhu Daro, IVC?

A

M.G. Majumdar

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43
Q

Which is the only IVC site without a citadel?

A

Chanhu Daro

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44
Q

In which of the IVC sites was the image of a male dancer resembling Shiva found?

A

Chanhu Daro

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45
Q

Name three bead making centers of the IVC

A
  1. Chanhu Daro
  2. Kalibangan
  3. Lothal
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46
Q

Name two IVC sites where both Proto-Harappan and Harappan cultures are witnessed

A
  1. Kalibangan

2. Ban walk

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47
Q

Who excavated Kalibangan?

A

Dr. A Ghosh

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48
Q

Which is the only IVC city where there is no evidence of worship of Mother Goddess?

A

Kalibangan

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49
Q

What is Sothi culture?

A

Kalibangan culture is also known as Sothi culture,

Sothi refers to Afghanistan

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50
Q

Who excavated the IVC site Banwali?

A

Dr. Bist

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51
Q

In which IVC site is there evidence of extensive cultivation of Barley?

A

Banwali

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52
Q

In which Indian state are there maximum number of IVC sites?

A

Gujarat

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53
Q

Who excavated the IVC site Lothal?

A

S.R. Rau

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54
Q

In which IVC site is the earliest/ first known sea port with an artificially built naval dockyard found?

A

Lothal

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55
Q

Which IVC site first cultivated rice?

A

Lothal
By 1800 BC
Knowledge of rice came to India via Central Asia

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56
Q

Two IVC sites with fire altars suggestive of fire worship/ fire cults

A
  1. Kalibangan

2. Lothal

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57
Q

In which of the IVC sites was a big jar depicting the story of a cunning jackal found?

A

Lothal

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58
Q

In which of the IVC sites was a Persian Gulf seal found?

A

Lothal

Suggests that Lothal used to be a major centre of trade and commerce

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59
Q

Which of the IVC sites had entrances in the East West direction?

A

Lothal

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60
Q

In what direction did typical IVC buildings place their entrances?

A

North- South

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61
Q

In which of the IVC sites were remnants of horses found?

A

Surkotada

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62
Q

Name two port cities of the IVC.

A
  1. Lothal

2. Surkotada

63
Q

Who excavated the IVC site Surkotada?

A

Jagapath Joshi

64
Q

Who excavated the IVC site Rangpur?

A

Arul Stein

65
Q

Name two IVC sites with evidence of rice cultivation.

A
  1. Lothal

2. Rangpur

66
Q

Where was the longest IVC inscription found?

A

Rakhigari, Haryana

Contains 10 pictograms

67
Q

What was the prime classification system of society in the IVC?

A 
Division on the basis of occupation
Prime groups:
  Merchants
  Craftsmen
  Peasantry
  Laborers
68
Q

What were the staple crops of the IVC?

A

Wheat

Barley

69
Q

Describe various burial practices of the IVC

A
  • dead bodies positioned in a sitting fashion, head facing north, signaling Shiva worship, due to northern location of Kailash
  • partial burial: burial of any organ
  • urn burial: ashes buried in urns
  • coffin burial
70
Q

What is an ekka?

A

Cart drawn by oxen

Used by IVC agriculturalists for transporting commodities

71
Q

What is Senden?

A

Greek name for Indus Valley meaning the place of quality cotton due to export of cotton to Greece

72
Q

Who did the IVC trade with internationally?

A 
Mesopotamia
Sumeria
Greece
Egypt
Mongolia
73
Q

What was the form of governance in the IVC?

A

Oligarchy: rule by rich/ elite

D.D. Kosambi has suggested that priests might have been the rulers of IVC

74
Q

What was the religion of the IVC?

A

Worship of Mother Goddess
Worship of male God Pashupati
Worship of Mesopotamian hero Gilgimesh, half man half lion
Worship of animals, including snake and humped bull
Worship of trees and rocks

75
Q

Chronology of pottery

A
  1. Black Polished Ware (BPW) -IVC
  2. Ochre Colored Pottery (OCP)- Rg Vedic
  3. Black and Red Pottery (BRP)- Rg Vedic
76
Q

Describe the script of the Harappan people

A

Pictographic language, 400+ pictographs
Boustrophedon: the writing of alternate lines in opposite directions (as from left to right and from right to left)
Script remains undeciphered

77
Q

What were the races identified in the Indus Valley zone?

A
  1. Proto-Australoid (most of the IVC skeletons had these features
    therefore considered architect of IVC)
  2. Australoid
  3. Mongoloid
  4. Nigroloid
  5. Alpinoloid
  6. Mediterranean
78
Q

What theories have been propounded to explain the decline of the IVC?

A

Abrupt end is suggested due to

  1. Aryan invasion
  2. Destruction through flooding
  3. Destruction through earthquakes

Slower change was suggested by E.J.H. Meckey: changes in hydrology

  • the most commonly accepted: Ecological changes due to extensive deforestation, expansion of desert, and salinization of soil rendered the land unusable for cultivation, therefore the people vacated the sites.
79
Q

What is ‘Aryan’

A
  • it is a linguistic term used to refer to an agglomeration of races, all speaking a Indo-European language
  • they were most likely from Central Asia or Eurasian Steppes
80
Q

When did the Aryan migration begin?

A

1700 BC

81
Q

Why did the Aryans begin migrating?

A

Aryans depended on pastural land, so it is believed that they moved due to ecological reasons, looking for suitable pastures

82
Q

Evidence of Aryan migration

A
  • The classical Iranian text, Zend Avesta, mentions the Aryan gods Indra, Varun, Agni
  • Kessite inscription datable to 1500 BC records presence of Aryans in Iran
  • Rg Veda talks about the river systems of Afghanistan
83
Q

What is Vitsata

A

Aryan name for the river Jhelum

84
Q

What is Suvastu

A

Aryan name for River Swath

85
Q

What is Askini?

A

Aryan name for River Chenab

86
Q

What is Purushini

A

Aryan name for River Ravi

87
Q

What is Suturdi?

A

Aryan name for River Sutlej

88
Q

What is Vyapas?

A

Aryan name for River Beas

89
Q

What is Drishadvadi

A

Aryan name for River Rakshi

90
Q

What is Mujawanth

A

Mountain peak in the Himalayas

Mentioned in the Rg Veda as the source of Soma

91
Q

What is Soma?

A

Intoxicating drink beloved to the Aryans

92
Q

Name the six prominent tribes of the early Aryans

A
  1. Bharatha (most powerful)
  2. Anu
  3. Puru
  4. Thugvasa
  5. Yadu
  6. Druhya
93
Q

Dasaraja Battle

A
  • Bharathas v. 10 kings, both Aryan and non Aryan
  • Puruksa of Thugvasa led the coalition against the Bharathas, the Bharathas were led by Sudas
  • the Bharathas won–> Sudas took the title Thrasadasyu (killer of enemies)
94
Q

Who was Thrasadasyu?

A

Sudas, upon leading the Bharathas to victory in the Dasaraja Battle, took this title meaning killer of enemies

95
Q

Describe the tribal organization of the Aryans

A
  1. Grama: (village) headed by Gramani
  2. Vis: (a group of villages) headed by Vishyapati
  3. Gana/ Jana: (tribe) headed by ganapati
  4. Rajan: king, most qualified among all, aka Gopa, or protector
96
Q

Who supported the Aryan Rajan in his duties?

A

Purohit: priest
Senani: chief commander
Yuvraj: Crown prince

  • no standing army or bureaucracy
97
Q

What were the two taxes collected by the Aryans?

A
  1. Bhaga: compulsory tax

2. Bali: voluntary offering

98
Q

What is Sabha in the Aryan political order?

A
  • Sabha is the assembly of elders and heads families at the Grama level
  • Decisions made by Sabha were binding on the Rajan
99
Q

What is Samiti in the Aryan political order?

A
  • A general assembly at the Grama level, which was open to all
  • women were allowed participation
  • it was the ultimate authority and its decisions were final
100
Q

What was Vidhata in the Aryan political system?

A
  • the legislative assembly at the Vis level
101
Q

Evolution of the Varna system

A

A. Initially in the Rg Vedic time Varna classification was done on two parameters

  1. Complexion
    i. Shwetavarna: fair skinned aryans
    ii. Krishnavarna: indigenes
  2. On the basis of occupation, aptitude and temperament

B. Later the system evolved into three Varnas

i. Brahmin
ii. Kshatriya
iii. Vaishya
* Shudras had no Varna status

C. In the Later Vedic time Shudras were also given Varna status

102
Q

Who were Dasas?

A

Non Aryan slaves

103
Q

Who were Dasyus?

A

Independent non-Aryans

104
Q

What is Purushasukta?

A

-most important source of Varna system for Aryans:
~defined the four varnas as emerging out of the four body parts of
Brahma
- part of the tenth mandala of the Rg Veda

105
Q

What is swayamwar?

A

In Aryan society, an individual’s right to select their parter

106
Q

4 great woman scholars of Rg Vedic age

A
  1. Gargi
  2. Maitreyi
  3. Viswawara
  4. Lopamudra
107
Q

What was Viswavandini

A

Lifelong woman scholar in the Rg Vedic time

108
Q

Who was Yagnavalkya?

A
  • greatest scholar of the Rg Vedic times
  • lived in the court if Janak
  • composed Brihadaranyako Upanishad

-was challenged by Gargi

109
Q

What is the subject of the Brihadaranyako Upanishad?

A

Transmigration of soul

110
Q

What crops were cultivated by the Aryans?

A
  1. Rice: vrihi
  2. Wheat: godhuma
  3. Barley: yava
111
Q

What was Nishika?

A

Gold coin used by Aryans

112
Q

What was Satamana?

A

Silver coin used by Aryans

113
Q

Who were Panis?

A

Non-Aryan merchants expert in the cattle trade

114
Q

What was the religion like in the Rg Vedic period?

A

-Monotheistic

115
Q

Gods of the Rg Vedic people

A
  1. Indra, Purandhara, Sahsrakshi
  2. Varuna, Arunamazda
  3. Agni, Agnihotri, Havyavahana, Huthasana
  4. Aswinis
  5. Soma
  6. Mitra, Savitri, Surya
    • Rudra (only nonAryan God)
  8. Ila
  9. Usha
  10. Saraswati
116
Q

To which God have the most slokas been addressed in the Rg Veda?

A

Indra

117
Q

Who was the Aryan God of War and Victory?

A

Indra

118
Q

What was Vritra?

A
  • demon serpent killed by Indra
119
Q

Who was the Aryan God of morals, ethics and values?

A

Varun

120
Q

What is Vrita?

A

Aryan concept of world’s moral order

Upheld by Varun

121
Q

How many slokas are in the Rg Ved?

A

1017

122
Q

Which is the most sacred mantra of the Rg Veda?

A

Gayatri mantra

123
Q

Who does the Gayatri Mantra address?

A

Surya

124
Q

Who composed the Gayatri mantra?

A

Vishwamitra

125
Q

Where is the Gayatri Mantra found?

A

3rd Mandala of Rg Veda

126
Q

What was the center of Aryan settlement in the Rg Vedic period?

A

Saptasindhu

127
Q

What was the centre of Aryan settlement in the later Vedic Age?

A

Ganga Yamuna Doab

128
Q

What were the tribes of the later Vedic age?

A
  1. Kuru
  2. Panchala
  3. Videha
  4. Anga
  5. Magadha
  6. Kashi
129
Q

When was the Mahabharat fought?

A

~956 BC

130
Q

Four villages of pre Harappa

A

i) Qulli
ii) Quetta
iii) Nul
iv) Zhob

131
Q

What language and script were Ashokan inscriptions written in?

A

Prakrit

Brahmi, most often, but a few have also been written in Kharoshthi

132
Q

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical excavation?

A
  • horizontal excavation is when a whole mound, or a major part of it, is dug to enable the excavator to obtain a complete idea of the site culture in a particular period
    Whereas,
    -vertical excavation is confined to a part of the site, and digging happens in a lengthwise fashion to uncover the period wise sequence of cultures
133
Q

Megaliths

A
  • Literally big stones

- in South Indian sites, graves have been excavated encircled with such large stones

134
Q

From what period were the most coin moulds made of burnt clay found?

A

Kushan period

135
Q

From what time period have the most coins been found?

A

Post Mauryan

136
Q

What is the subject of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum?

A

Inscriptions bearing on the Mauryan, post Mauryan and Gupta periods

137
Q

What is Kharoshthi?

A

Kharoshthi is the script written from right to left

138
Q

What is Brahmi?

A

Brahmi is script written from left to right

139
Q

Which are the oldest inscriptions to have been deciphered?

A
  • inscriptions issued by Ashoka in the third century BC
  • the inscriptions were on two pillars
  • they were found by Firoz Shah Tughlaq and deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837
140
Q

Date the Rg Veda

A

~1500-1000 BC

141
Q

What are Vedangas?

A

Supplements to the Vedas
Comprised of: phonetics-shiksha
Ritual-kalpa
Grammar- vyakarana
Etymology-nirukta
Metrics- chhanda
Astronomy- jyotisha

142
Q

What is Bhagadugga

A

Chief tax collector of the later Vedic age

143
Q

Balisadaka

A

Collector of voluntary offerings in the later Vedic age

144
Q

Akshavepa

A

Superintendent of gambling houses in the later Vedic age

145
Q

Suta

A

Charioteer and royal bard of the later Vedic age

146
Q

Mahabharat

A
  • aka: Jayasamhita, Satasahasra Samhita, Panchamveda

- was recorded in the Gupta period, until then Sutas preserved them through oral compositions

147
Q

What are the four ashrams of life?

A
  1. Brahmacharya
  2. Grihasthya
  3. Vanaprastham: not required of Vaisya
  4. Sanyas: was seldom practiced
    prescribed for Brahmins (brahmins were to compulsorily go
    through all four stages), but not any of the other three Varna
    *shudras were exempted from all of the ashrams
148
Q

In which Upanishads were the Four ashrams of life first mentioned?

A

Jabala Upanishad

149
Q

What is the Dwija system?

A
  • the Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaisyas were considered twice born
  • upanayana, or the white sacred thread ceremony, was performed to qualify people for performing Vedic rituals
150
Q

What is the Gotra system?

A
  • literally cowshed
  • refers to the name of an ancestor of the family, and identifies it
  • intra Gotra marriage was barred
151
Q

Four types of marriage in the later Vedic age?

A
  1. Bramoh: arranged by elders according to Vedic rituals
  2. Prajaptya: arranged by elders, but not according to Vedic rituals
  3. Anuloma: marriage between upper caste man and lower caste woman
  4. pratiloma: marriage between lower caste man and upper caste woman
152
Q

Who is a vratya?

A
  • children born within Anuloma marriages
  • they were considered half fallen
  • untouchable
153
Q

Who is a chandala?

A
  • children born within pratiloma marriages
  • considered fully fallen
  • untouchable
154
Q

Who was a nishad?

A

In the later Vedic age, excommunicated and prohibited people of the tribe

155
Q

Who was a kirata?

A

In the later Vedic age, a person from an uncivilized forest tribe

From Flashcardlet (14 decks)

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