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Histology/Embryology > HE8 & 9 Connective tissues > Flashcards

HE8 & 9 Connective tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Important functions of CT?

A

Structure (bones, cartilage, ligaments), Movement (ligaments). Support glands/organs. Store fat.

  1. Attracts water
  2. Exchanges blood/lymph, fluid.
  3. initial site of response to injury/host defense
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2
Q

Composition of CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

A

Cells separated throughout an Extracellular matrix ECM.

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3
Q

Composition of GROUND SUBSTANCE?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
  2. Proteoglycans (PG’s)- > protein core w/ GAG’s
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins (MGP’s)
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4
Q

Composition of GAG’s

A
  1. repeating units of DISACCHARIDES (not mono or tri)!
  2. NEGATIVELY CHARGED

and most are SULFATED (hyaluronin not sulfated)

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5
Q

Primary function of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans? Function in BM?

A

important for movement of cells/materials & est. concentration gradient.

Basement membrane= CHARGED BASED FILTRATION BARRIER

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6
Q

Proteoglycan agregates structure and function

A

Glycosaminoglycans bound to a core protein forms a hydration unit of PROTEOGLYCAN.

Proteoglycans are linked by “linker proteins” to HALURONIN protein core

Gives ECM gel-like state, resisting compression to act like “SHOCK ABSORBERS”

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7
Q

GAG’s, PG’s, PG agregates at LM

A

GAG’s/PG’s high negative charge stain w/ basophilic BLUE basic dyes

HE STAIN= BLUE/PURPLE
PAS= MAGENTA/PINK

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8
Q

Multiadhesive glycoprotein (MGP) 5 Structures/ 4 functions.

Remember picture of MGP’s parallel under plasma membrane bound to green INTEGRINS which go through plasma membrane and attached to actin.

A
  1. Fibronectin
  2. Laminin
  3. Tenascin
  4. Osteopontin
  5. Enactin/Nidogen
  6. ECM assembly/structure
  7. Adhesion (fibroblast to ECM)
  8. Mechanosensation (FOCAL ADHESION)
  9. Regulate cell migration
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9
Q

Fibronectin, Laminin, or Osteopontin are examples of what?

A

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

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10
Q

Elastic fiber distribution. STAIN? Structure?

A
  1. Dermis-skin
  2. Heart valves
  3. Walls of large arteries (AORTA)
  4. Lungs (alveolar walls)

Ocrein used to distinguish between collagen and elastic fibers.

ELASTIN core with FIBRIN microfibrils

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11
Q

What 4 cells make COLLAGEN?
Where does Fibril formation occur?

What 3 categories? and what type Collagen in each category?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Epithelial cells
  3. Smooth muscle cells
  4. Schwann cells (PNS)

MADE OUTSIDE THE CELL!
- Tropocollagen–>Fibril

  1. Fibrillar (I,II,III)
  2. Network forming (IV)
  3. Anchoring (VII)
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12
Q

AT TEM what periodicity seen in Collagen?

A

68nm

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13
Q

68nm periodicity relates to what kind of cell?

A

Collagen FIBRILS (type 1,2,3). as a result of the orderly staggered assembly of tropocollagen into fibrils (overlap and holes).

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14
Q

Which type of molecule forms Fibrils, Fibers, and Bundles? Where found?

WHAT STAIN>

A

TYPE 1 COLLAGEN.

  • sclera
  • dentin
  • orgain/joint capsules
  • scar tissue

(Dermis, hypodermis, fascia, bones, ligaments, joints, tendons)

HE=pink bundles
TRICHROME-blue green

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15
Q

_______ found in cartilage and vitreous humor and stain______ whith _______stain. What happens if there is alot of PG’s present with it?

A

Type 2 Collagen
(restrains PG aggregates from expanding)

stains light pink with HE stain. if high PG’s blue masks over light pink type 2 collagen

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16
Q

LM looks like smooth fiberglass finish (blue, light pink) with large eye looking bubbles. TEM looks like unfinished rough fiberglass like on back side of a tub/shower

A

Type 2 collagen fibrils

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17
Q

____is first type of collagen in embryo and during adult injury repair and is replaced with ______. When heavily _____ the fibers are referred to as _______. They are often stained ______ with _____.

A

TYPE 3 COLLAGEN, TYPE 1 COLLAGEN, GLYCOSYLATED, RETICULAR FIBERS, BLACK, SILVER STAIN.

18
Q

What type of collagen fibers form a delicate lattice that supports organs that :

  1. filter blood/lymph (liver,spleen,lymph),
  2. rich vasculature (endocrine organs),
  3. proliferating cells (bone marrow)
A

Reticular fibers of Type 3 collagen.
REINFORCE/SUPPORT SMALL BLOOD VESSEL WALLS

found supporting:
Adipocytes
Smooth muscle fibers
peripheral nerve fibers
-walls of blood/lymph vessels
19
Q

What connective tissue supports/anchors epithelium to BL and is part of the filtration barrier?

Structure? Location? Function?

A

TYPE IV COLLAGEN- Basal Lamina- FILTRATION

  1. no fibrils or periodicity
  2. flat sheets of type IV MONOMERS

Attaches Epithelium to BL

20
Q

What connective tissue anchors BL to RL?

A

Type VII Collagen- Anchoring FIBRILS

RL ADHESION!

21
Q

Problems in what type of collagen cause HEMATURIA, BLISTERS, BRUISING, TENDON RUPTURE, OCULAR SHAPE CHANGE?

A

Type IV— BL FILTRATION- blood in urine
Type VII—RL ADHESION- blisters
Type III—- Supports small blood vessels- bruising
Type I—— bundles DiRCT- tendon injury
Type II—– Restrains PG’s in vitreous - eye deformities

22
Q

PRIMARY FIBER DEFECTS & PATHOLOGY:

Type 1,2,3,4,7

A 
I. Osteogenesis imperfecta
II. Achondrogenesis II
III. Ehlers-Danlos IV
IV. Alport's syndrome
VII. Kindler's Syndrome
23
Q 
Alport's syndrome-
Kindlers syndrome- 
Ehlers-Danlos IV
Achondrogenesis II
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A 
I. Osteogenesis imperfecta
II. Achondrogenesis II
III. Ehlers-Danlos IV
IV. Alport's syndrome
VII. Kindler's Syndrome
24
Q

Where is CT derived from ? Where is that derived from?

A

Mesenchymal cells– from mesoderm and Neural Crest

Adults have mesenchymal-like cells in CT

25
Q

What is the name for a neoplastic mesenchymal cell of adipocyte that becomes malignant? for a benign fibroblast?

A

Fibrosarcoma

lipoma

26
Q

Tissue macrophages and mast cells are examples of what kind of cells in the CT.

A

Resident cells- long lived- mesenchymal like- renewal

27
Q

What is the principal resident CT cell? LM TEM

A

FIBROBLASTS- makes all ECM components
LM- long flat cell, basophilic cytoplasm.
ECM- protein secreting cell- constitutive
Activated state- lined up next to each other
Quiet state- widely dispersed

28
Q

MYOfibroblasts vs fibroblasts at TEM

A

Fibroblasts look like protein secreting cell- long flat

Myofibroblasts have bundles of actin filaments (hard to see) but looks more wild like mesenchymal star shape ec.

29
Q

Myofibroblasts vs fibroblasts in wound healing.

Whats myofibroblast NOT involved with? in terms of wound healing*

A

Fibroblasts (24hrs)- Quick repair- makes initial ECM with TYPE III collagen (later replaced w/ type I).

Myofibroblasts (1week)- repair/active 2nd week- apoptosis, approximates tissues to bring closer together

MYOBLAST NOT INVOLVED WITH ECM REMODELING

30
Q

Histocytes

A

Monocytes migrate from blood into CT and differentiate into MACROPHAGES (HISTOCYTES)

Macrophage (not monocyte) is considered resident Sentinel cell.

31
Q

TEM LM of Macrophage

A

nucleus to one side, looks like has wart bubbles all over it

TEM: features of phagocytic cell (lots of storage molecules with different shapes colors and sizes.

32
Q

Multinucleated giant cells (foreign body giant cells)

A

Macrophages fuse together to attack or wall off large foreign invaders

33
Q

3 secretions of Mast Cells. other secretions?

A

PROMOTES INFLAMMATION
Heparin (GAG)- anticoagulant

Histamine- (increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, mucus production)

WBC chemotactic factors

Leukotrienes (sm contraction) & cytokines- PROMOTES INFLAMMATION.

Releases from granules

34
Q

Where are mast cells found? what antibody receptor?

A

Skin, Respiratory, GI. IgE

35
Q

Multilocular fat-

A

Brown fat- for thermal heat generation

36
Q

Transient cells- derived, lifespan, function

A

from bone marrow (elsewhere), short lived, WBC’s Plasma cells, injury, inflammation, immunity

37
Q

Where are plasma cells derived? Function?

A

B-lymphocytes make plasma cells for Antibody production (iG’s) immunoglobulins

38
Q

LM: tear shaped eccentric nucleus, clock face/cartwheel patter, lighter in middle (negative golgi-pale center)

A

Plasma cell

39
Q

RETICULAR LAMINA- what kind of collagen?

A 
Reticular fibers (type III)
Anchoring fibers (type VII)
40
Q

Where are mesenchymal cells found?

A

Ground substance

Histology/Embryology (8 decks)

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