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Histology/Embryology > EXAM2_HE12_13_Muscle > Flashcards

EXAM2_HE12_13_Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. Sarcolemma- Plasma membrane
  2. Sarcoplasm- Cytoplasm
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- Smooth ER
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2
Q

Where is Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac muscle derived from ?

A
  1. Smooth-myoblasts from Visceral Lateral plate mesoderm
  2. Skeletal-myoblasts from Paraxial Mesoderm
  3. Cardiac- myoblasts from Visceral Lateral Plate mesoderm
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3
Q

Thin filament- Thick filament

A

thin- Skeletal/cardiac actin- tropomyosin-troponin
smooth muscle (actin and tropomyosin only)
thick- myosin II

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4
Q

Rhabdomyolysis- What indicates muscle damage? 3 Causes of damage?

A

Skeletal/Cardiac muscle damage releases TROPONIN and MYOGLOBIN into blood

  • excess Mb in blood after skeletal muscle injury leads to fatal kidney damage
  • trauma (car crash, electrocution)
  • Exertional (crossfit)
  • Nonexteritional (drugs, infections)
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5
Q

Organization of Muscle fibers? 5 orders of muscle and collagen coverings respectively.
What connects muscle to bone?

A
  1. Myofilaments (actin/myosin)
  2. Myofibrils (long rows of myofilaments)
  3. Muscle Fibers (myocyte)- endomysium;type III
  4. Fascicles (bundle of muscle fibers)-Perimysium typeI
  5. Muscle- Epimysium Type I
    TENDONS- Muscle to bone
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6
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of Skeletal muscle

A
  1. long, cylindrical cells
  2. parallel arrangement
  3. multiple nuclei- peripherally located
  4. Striated- myofilament arrangement
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7
Q

Type I muscle fibers- speed, strength, composition?

A 
Slow
Fatigue resistant- Aerobic
-more Mb, mitochondria, LESS glycogen infusions
-Weaker-smaller diameter
-better O2 diffusion, but less force
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8
Q

Type II Muscle fibers

A 
Fast
Fatigue quickly- anaerobic
-more glycogen inclusions
-LESS Mb, Mitochondria
STRONGER- larger diameter-greater force
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9
Q

Describe Aband, I band, Zline regions

A 
A band- Actin + Myosin
I band-   Actin only
H band- Myosin only
M line- cytoskeleton?
Z line-
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10
Q

You have myofilaments that are arranged and structured in an organized fashion what type of muscle is it?
You have criss cross myofilaments what is it?

A

Skeletal and cardiac- organized

Smooth-criss crossed

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11
Q

In muscles, what layer is the blood supply in?

A

surrounding CT of each individual cell

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12
Q

if you suspect heart attack what protein do you check for in blood? if you suspect skeletal muscle breakdown?

A

troponin

rhabdomyolysis- Mb

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13
Q

Endomysium surrounds what? what made of?

A

surrounds cells- Type 3

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14
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds fascicles; type 1

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15
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds muscle- type 1

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16
Q

why are nuclei of skeletal muscle on the periphery of the cell?

A

the contractile fibrils are located through the middle and the nuclei are pushed out to the outside of the cells

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17
Q

dark band
Light band
What is inside the I band?

A

Dark- A band
Light - I band
Mline inside the A band
the Zline inside I band

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18
Q

Where are thick and thin filaments anchored?

A

Thin filaments anchored to Z line

Thick anchored to Mline

19
Q

What proteins associated with the thin filament?

A

Thin- Tropomyosin, G-actin, troponin, F-actin

Thick- myosin II

20
Q

DYSTROPHIN

A

accessory protein- Anchors sarcomeres to the sarcolemma and ECM around the myocyte with CT (fibroblasts)

21
Q

Muscular dystrophies

A

genetic disorders lacking dystrophin (only in males) tears sarcolemma and cell will die. Skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration- bad cells replaced with CT (FIBROSIS)

22
Q

motor unit

A

Lower motor neuron (LMN) + muscle fibers it innervates

23
Q

NM synapse- 4 steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. synaptic vesicle w/ ACh released into synaptic cleft
  2. ACh binds receptors in Junctional folds of sarcolemma
  3. muscle contracts
  4. AChE on sarcolemma degrades ACh in synaptic cleft so muscle can relax
24
Q

External Lamina- Structure- Function

A

like basal lamina

holds everything together has ecm and allows fluid flow. type 3 collagen

25
Q

Botulism
Black Widow
Myasthenia gravis

A

BOT- inhibits ACh release- paralysis
BW- causes release of ACh- spasms
MG- autoimmune- antibodies bind to AChRs- muscle weakness or death
Can’t keep eye open

26
Q

T Tubule

A
  • invagination of sarcolemma

- carries AP to SR

27
Q

SR- function- 2 parts

What is Triad?

A 
Ca bound to calsequestrin
-AP signals Ca release
2 parts: 
Terminal cisterna
Tubules
Triad: 2 terminal cisternae + 1 T tubule
28
Q

Muscle spindle

Golgi tendon organ

A

monitors length change

monitors tension change

29
Q

What two ways does CNS sense what skeletal muscle is doing? Why relevant to OMT?

A
  1. muscle spindle (within muscle)- length change
  2. golgi tendon organ- tension change
    also tendon sensory nerves
    - Targets of counterstrain
30
Q

Hyperplasia

A

satellite cells differentiate into myoblasts; requires intact external lamina
Muscle fiber death results in fibrosis

31
Q

cardiomyocytes- structure, location

A

cardiac muscle fibers-

located in myocardium of heart & proximal portion of pulmonary veins

32
Q

Cardiac muscle structure/ function

A
  • Sarcomeres/striated
    -autorhythmic/gap junctions/ANS regulates rate-
  • SINGLE NUCLEUS (Centrally located)
    -branched (pull in multiple directions)
    -INTERCALATED DISCS- Sites of attachments of end connections
    -DESMOSOMES -
    FASCIA ADHERENS- Actin
33
Q

Intercallated disc

A

very irregular- not straight as seen at LM

34
Q

Inside Cardiac Cells-
How they contract?
Where calcium?
SR compared to skeletal muscle?

A

CM gets calcium from outside the cell

  • large T tubules used for calcium to pass into the cell.
  • SR -sparse (source is extracelluar not intracellular like SM)
  • DIAD- 1 terminal cisternae(incomplete) + 1 ttubule.
35
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Specialized cardiac cells in subendocardium - rapidly depolarize
-transmit impulse through myocardium

36
Q

Cardiac Stress/injury

A
  • Hypertrophy- increases in size and decreases inside volume

- dilated cardiomyopathy- large heart- large volume inside cavity

37
Q

Smooth muscle- location- structure- shape-

A 
Hollow organs, BV's, dermis, respiratory passages
- arranged in perpendicular  layers
-Non striated
fusiform shape
-derived from one myoblast like cardiac
-single central nucleus
38
Q

Caveolae

A

SM- endocytotic vesicles (not regulated- no cathrene coat)
slowest way to bring calcium into cell
-Ca is in ECM like cardiac
but sm has no t tubules

39
Q

Smooth Muscle fiber organization- what anchored to- what stabilized by? what shape?

A

-crisscross pattern of myofilaments
-actin anchored at dense bodies (similar to Z disk)
-stabilized by intermediate filaments
fusiform shape

40
Q

3 ways of SM contraction

A
  1. Electrical (ANS)
  2. Mechanical (stretch-food bolus)
  3. Chemical (signaling-angiotensin II/ vasoconstriction)
41
Q

Multiunit contraction vs single unit contraction

A

MU-multiple cells by single ANS neuron

SU-gap junctions allow contraction as single unit

42
Q

SM response to stress/injury

A

Hyperplasia- regenerates via mitosis

Hypertrophy- addition of proteins

43
Q

2 Non-Muscle contractile cells and examples

what most similar to?

A
  1. myoepithelial cells- glands
  2. Myofibroblasts- wound contraction/tooth eruption
    - both have actin/myosin & similar to smooth muscle cells

Histology/Embryology (8 decks)

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