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From Flashcardlet > PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 CHAPTER 12- Normality, Mental Health And Mental Illness > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 4 CHAPTER 12- Normality, Mental Health And Mental Illness Flashcards

0
Q

❓❓❓define abnormality

A

-a pattern of thoughts, feelings or behaviour that is deviant, distressing, or dysfunctional

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1
Q

❓❓❓define normality

A

-a pattern of thoughts, feelings or behaviour that conforms to a usual, typical, or expected standard

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2
Q

❓❓❓define deviant in terms of thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

A

-differs so markedly from social/cultural norms that they can be considered inappropriate or unacceptable

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3
Q

❓❓❓define distressing in terms of patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

-unpleasant to the person experiencing them or those around them

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4
Q

❓❓❓define dysfunctional in terms of patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

-if feelings or behaviour interfere with a person’s ability to carry out their usual daily activities in an effective way

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5
Q

☀️☀️☀️MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH

A

-just like physical health, mental health is on a continuum

MENTAL HEALTH–MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM–MENTAL ILLNESS

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6
Q

❓❓❓define mental health

A

-a state of emotional and social wellbeing on which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and can contribute to their community

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7
Q

❓❓❓define mental health problem

A

-a temporary ‘rough patch’ which is not very severe

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8
Q

❓❓❓define mental illness

A

A mental disorder that affects one or more functions of the mind, and can interfere with a person’s thoughts, emotions, oerceptions, and behaviours

☀️☀️☀️

  • serious departure from normal functions
  • can cause considerable stress
  • usually an existence of a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviour that usually needs treatment to be alleviated
  • nature and severity varies from person to person (one short lived episode vs. lifetime battle)
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9
Q

☀️☀️☀COMPARISON OF MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM AND MENTAL ILLNESS

A

People who are mentally healthy can:

  • form positive relationships with others
  • cope with the normal stressors arising in everyday life
  • think logically and clearly
  • manage feelings and emotions (no extreme highs or lows)
  • experience pleasure and enjoyment
  • use their abilities to reach their potential

People with a mental health problem may:

  • feel tense, low, irritable, quiet, confused, angry
  • experience increased or decreased sleep/appetite
  • experience a loss of energy and motivation
  • feel that things are somehow ‘different’
  • have difficulty concentrating
  • become withdrawn

People are diagnosed with a specific mental illness such as:

  • anxiety disorder e.g. Specific phobia
  • mood disorder e.g. Major depression
  • psychotic disorder e.g. Schizophrenia
  • impulse control disorder e.g. Pathological gambling
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10
Q

❓❓❓what two approaches are used to diagnose mental illnesses?

A
  • categorical approach

- dimensional approach

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11
Q

❓❓❓define the categorical approach to diagnosing mental illnesses

A

-organises and describes metal conditions and disorders and describes mental conditions and disorders in terms of different categories and subcategories, each with symptoms and characteristics that are typical of specific mental conditions and disorders

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12
Q

❓❓❓define the dimensional approach to diagnosing mental illnesses

A

-quantifies a person’s symptoms or other characteristics of interest and represents them with numerical values rather than assigning then to a mental disorder categories

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13
Q

❓❓❓what are some principles and assumptions of the categorical approach?

A
  • assumes a mental disorder can be diagnosed from specific symptoms reported and/or presented by a client during mental health assessment conducted by a qualified mental health professional
  • assumes thoughts, feelings me behaviours can be organised into categories representing disorders
  • assumes there are clear boundaries around each disorder and they don’t overlap
  • assumes disorder categories are constructed and organised in such a way as to all for a wide variation in patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviour
  • “all or nothing” principle states that you either have a specific disorder, or you don’t
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14
Q

❓❓❓what are two examples of categorical approaches to diagnosing a mental disorder?

A
  • ICD

- DSM

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15
Q

❓❓❓what are some strengths to the categorical approach?

A
  • comprehensive
  • assists mental health professionals I’m diagnosing mental conditions
  • Enhances communication among mental health professionals by providing a common language
  • based on ongoing scientific research and is regularly revised on the basis of research findings
16
Q

❓❓❓what are some limitations of the categorical approach?

A
  • low inter-rate reliability
  • overlap in symptoms of some disorders which are listed in the DSM and ICD can make it hard for mental health professionals to decide which disorder their clients’ symptoms belong to can cause misdiagnoses
  • substantial loss of valuable clinical information by placing a person into a category
  • the use of ‘labels’ to describe various disorders creates stigma
  • DSM is based on American culture
17
Q

❓❓❓what are some assumptions of the dimensional approach?

A
  • assumes normality and abnormality are both end points on the same continuum with no clear dividing line between them
  • assumes that each individual has each dimension listed in the particular test, but in varying amounts
18
Q

❓❓❓give an example of a test used in the dimensional approach

A

-the Eyesneck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R)

19
Q

❓❓❓what are three strengths of the dimensional approach?

A
  • addresses the limitations of the categorical approach (the profile produced by the dimensional approach takes into account a wider rand of a person’s symptoms and characteristics)
  • avoids labelling
  • reduces stigma
20
Q

❓❓❓what a are three limitations of the dimensional approach?

A
  • time consuming and difficult to create questions and scales relevant for each client
  • may be too many dimensions (over complicated)
  • disagreement of which dimensions would suitably represent the wide range of mental disorder symptoms people can experience
21
Q

❓❓❓what is the Biopsychosocial Framework?

A

-an approach to describing and explaining how biological, psychological, and social factors combine and interact to influence a person’s physical and mental health

☀️☀️☀️
Holistic View
= the idea that both health and illness are both best understood by considering all three aspects

22
Q

☀️☀️☀️THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK EXAMPLES

A

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

  • genes
  • male/female
  • brain chemistry
  • brain function
  • nervous system activity
  • hormones
  • immune system

SOCIAL FACTORS

  • social skills
  • social isolation or support
  • stressors and trauma
  • cultural values and expectations
  • life events
  • environmental conditions

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

  • thinking and reasoning skills
  • learning and memory
  • emotional state
  • personality traits
  • coping skills
23
Q

☀️☀️☀️DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (DSM)

A
  • published by American Psychiatrist Association (APA)
  • identifies and classifies symptoms of mental disorders
  • diagnosis is based on a number of factors (e.g. mental conditions, psychosocial stressors, the extent to which mental state…
24
Q

☀️☀️☀️DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

A

= indicates the symptoms that are characteristic of the disorder and therefore enable assessment of the presence of the disorder

Includes:

  • inclusion and exclusion criteria
  • number of symptoms that must be present (e.g 5/6) for diagnosis
  • how long symptoms have to be present
  • common age of onset
  • symptoms that cause distress or impairment
25
Q

☀️☀️☀️DSM AXIS

A

= there is a 5 axis diagnosis in the DSM-IV. All axis need to be considered

I = clinical disorders (any major psychological disorder) 
II = personality disorders and mental retardation
III = general medical conditions
IV = psychosocial and environmental problems 
V = global assessment of functioning (score)
26
Q

☀️☀️☀️INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND RELATED MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (ICD)

A
  • published by World Health Organisation (input by 200 countries, but makes it less dynamic and less responsive to new ways of thinking)
  • based on symptoms
  • descriptive (but doesn’t include cause or possible treatment)
  • also includes physical illness

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