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Tim's Cards > Head and Neck week 1 > Flashcards

Head and Neck week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 layers of the scalp move as a unit, and where is the vasculature found?

A

Skin
Connective Tissue (this is where vasculature is found)
Aponeurosis

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A

Skin, CT, Aponeurosis

Loose CT, Pericranium

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3
Q

What are the 6 nerves that innervate the cutaneous scalp?

A

3 Branches Trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)
Lesser Occipital nerve
Greater Occipital n.
Third Occipital n.

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4
Q

What are the 2 internal carotid branches?

A

Supraorbital (branch of ophthalmic a.)

Supratrochlear (branch of ophthalmic a.)

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5
Q

What are the 3 external carotid branches?

A

Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital

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6
Q

In the brain, what are the 2 layers of dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

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7
Q

What layer of meninges is filled with CSF in the brain?

A

The Arachnoid

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8
Q

The perioseal layer in the dura is continuous with what structure?

A

The periosteum of the cranium.

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9
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura is continuous with…

A

The spinal dura mater.

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10
Q

Where does the Dura Mater of the spinal cord fuse with the periosteal layer in the skull cavity?

A

Inferior cranial cavity

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11
Q

What layer of Dura make up the reflections (infoldings) in the brain?

A

The meningeal layer

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12
Q

Name 4 reflections of Dura in the brain.

A

Falx Ceribri
Falx Cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli
Sellar Diaphragm

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13
Q

The Straight Sinus defines the border between…

A

Falx Cerebri and Tentorium Cerebelli

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14
Q

What lines the inside of the dural reflections of the brain?

A

Endothelium

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15
Q

The endothelial layer in the sinuses separate what two layers?

A

The periosteal layer and the meningeal layer

draw it out

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16
Q

What is the function of the Dural Sinuses

A

Drain blood, CSF, diploic veins

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17
Q

What is the terminal drain of the dural sinuses?

A

The Jugular vein

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18
Q

Trace the sinuses leading into and out of the Confluence of the Sinuses.

A 
Superior saggital sinus from the tom
Inferior saggital sinus > Straight Sinus
then, Confluence
then, two Transverse sinuses > Sigmoid Sinus
Finally, Jugular vein
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19
Q

Name 4 singular sinuses.

A

Superior saggital
Inferior saggital
Straight
Occipital

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20
Q

Name 6 paired sinuses.

A 
Cavernous
Intercavernous (ant and post)
Superior petrosal 
Inferior petrosal
Transverse
Sigmoid
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21
Q

What does the Straight sinus divide?

A

The Falx cerebri and the Tentorium cerebelli

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22
Q

What sinus contains the internal carotid artery and several nerves?

A

Cavernous

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23
Q

T/F

Scalp, bone, and dura do not have sensory innervations.

A

False.

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24
Q

What nerves innervate the Dura?

A

Trigeminal (V1, V2, V3)
Vagus - CN X
Dorsal roots of cervical nerves C1-C3

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25
Q

What arteries feeds the Dura?

A

Middle meningeal a. (frontal and parietal branches)

Occipital a. (mastoid branch

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26
Q

What structure releases CSF into dural sinuses?

A

Arachnoid Granulations

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27
Q

What fluid is in the dural sinuses?

A

CSF and blood

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28
Q

Where is the CSF layer thin?

A

Everywhere except the Cisterns.

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29
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Where the dura meets the inside of the skull.

Not filled with anything

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30
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Where the Dura meets the Arachnoid layer.

Not filled with anything

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31
Q

What is the Subarachnoid space?

A

Space between the Arachnoid layer and the Pia Mater of the brain. Filled with CSF.

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32
Q

Pathology of Epidural space.

A

Epidural Hematoma

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33
Q

Pathology of Subdural space.

A

Subdural Hematoma

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34
Q

Pathology of Subarachnoid space.

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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35
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid Plexus cells in the Lateral Ventricles.

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36
Q

What do the ventricles of the brain contain?

A

CSF

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37
Q

Describe the flow of CSF in the brain.

A

Choroid Plexus > Ventricles > Subarachnoid space > Arachnoid granulations > dural Sinuses > Internal Jugular vein

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38
Q

Name the 3 ventricles of the brain.

A 
Two lateral (in cerebral hemispheres)
Third Ventricle (diencephalon)
Fourth Ventricle (between pons, medulla, cerebellum)
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39
Q

What structure drains CSF from the Third ventricle into the Fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvias

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40
Q

What structures drain CSF into the subarachnoid space?

A

2 lateral apertures & 1 median aperture

in fourth ventricle

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41
Q

What are some functions of the CSF?

A

Supports brain, nutrients, gas exchange.

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42
Q

What is the function of the Choroid Plexus?

A

Produces CSF

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43
Q

From whence does the blood supply of the brain come?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries.

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44
Q

From posterior to anterior, name the structures of the Circle of Willis.

A

Vertebral aa. (2) > Basilar a. > Posterior Cerebral aa. > Posterior communicating aa. > Internal Carotid aa. > Anterior cerebral aa. > Anterior communicating aa.

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45
Q

What is the one thing missing from the following:
Vertebral aa. (2) > Basilar a. > Posterior Cerebral aa. > Posterior communicating aa. > Internal Carotid aa. > Anterior cerebral aa. > Anterior communicating aa.

A

Middle cerebral a.

next to internal carotid aa.

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46
Q

Generally the flow in the Circle of Willis goes what direction?

A

Posterior to anterior
main outlets are Middle cerebral a. and
Posterior cerebral artery

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47
Q

What makes up the Zygomatic Arch?

A

The Temporal process of the Zygomatic &

The Zygomatic process of the Temporal

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48
Q

What is the Glabella?

A

Third Eye

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49
Q

What is the Bregma?

A

Where Parietal/Frontal come together.

technically very Top of skull

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50
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

The perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid and the Vomer

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51
Q

What are the alveolar processes in the maxilla?

A

Bumps that make room for teeth

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52
Q

What bone makes up the Inferior Nasal Concha?

A

The Inferior Nasal Concha bone

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53
Q

Where is the Pterygoid hamulus?

A

It is a projection of the medial plate of the pterygoid process on its inferior end
(broken off in my skull)

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54
Q

Where is the Scaphoid fossa?

A

Between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates.

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55
Q

What does Crista Galli mean?

A

Crest of the rooster

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56
Q

What does the Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid join with?

A

The Vomer

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57
Q

What is the area of the ethmoid with concentrated lacunae?

A

Cribiform plate

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58
Q

The Superior and Middle Conchae are part of what bone?

A

The Ethmoid

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59
Q

Where is the Lamboid suture?

A

Between occipital and parietals

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60
Q

Where is the Squamous suture?

A

Between parietal and temporal bones

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61
Q

What is the “H” shaped suture between the coronal, sphenofrontal, squamous, and sphenosquamous sutures?

A

Pterion

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62
Q

Where is the Canine Fossa?

A

Indentation between inferior border of the orbit to the upper canine.

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63
Q

Where is the Maxillary Tuberosity?

A

Behind last molars of the maxilla.

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64
Q

What bone is the mastoid process and styloid process a part of?

A

Temporal (bony)

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65
Q

What lines the external acoustic meatus?

A

Tympanic plate

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66
Q

Where is the mandibular fossa?

A

Articulation point of mandible

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67
Q

The anterior part of the TMJ rises to the…

A

Articular eminence

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68
Q

What space does the superior orbital fissure communicate with?

A

The Cavernous Sinus

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69
Q

T/F

The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the same space as the superior orbital fissure.

A

FALSE
Inferior orbital fissure communicates with the Pterygomaxillary Fissure with communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa.

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70
Q

Name four nerves that go through the superior orbital fissure.

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V - 1
CN VI

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71
Q

What nerve passes through the Supraorbital Notch?

A

Supraorbital n.

from Frontal n. > From V1

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72
Q

What goes through the Optic Canal?

A

The Optic n.

CN II

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73
Q

The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal foramen are derived from what nerve?

A

V2

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74
Q

What nerve emerges from the infraorbital foramen and from where is it derived?

A

The Infraorbital n. from V2

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75
Q

What is in the infraorbital groove?

A

Inraorbital n.

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76
Q

Where is the Pterygoid fovea?

A

medial and inferior to the mandibular condyle on the anterior surface

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77
Q

Where is the Lingula?

A

Just anterior to the mandibular foramen

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78
Q

Where is the Mylohyoid groove?

A

groove extending down and anterior to the mandibular foramen

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79
Q

Where is the Mylohyoid line?

A

Angled line bordering thicker bone below the molars on the interior of the mandible

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80
Q

Retromolar area

A

Behind last mandibular molar

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81
Q

Where is the mental protuberance?

A

Midline mandible

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82
Q

What are the genial (mental) tubercles?

A

Spines coming up from lower part of mid-mandible

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83
Q

What are the contents of the mental foramen?

A

The mental n.

branches further into the inferior Denta branches

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84
Q

Where is the mandibular foramen, what nerve goes through, and what nerve comes after?

A

Interior and posterior mandible.

Mandibular n. > Inferior alveolar n.

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85
Q

Where are the nuchal lines?

A

Lateral to the occipital protuberance

superior and inferior

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86
Q

Where is the digastric notch?

A

Medial side of the Mastoid process

deep groove

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87
Q

What are the choane?

A

Medial to the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.

swallowing and breathing canal

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88
Q

What is bigger, the pterygoid or the scaphoid fossa?

A

The Pterygoid.

Scaphoid is smaller, superior, medial

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89
Q

Where is the spine of the Sphenoid bone?

A

Just medial to the TMJ

Very sharp

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90
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tubercle?

A

Just anterior Foramen Magnum as bone slope upwards

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91
Q

Where are the greater and lesser palatine foramen?

A

Medial to molars on hard palate.

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92
Q

Where is the Stylomastoid Foramen?

A

Directly posterior to the styloid process

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93
Q

Describe the Pterygoid Canal and the Pharyngeal canal.

A

Both are small canals located lateral to the Vomer on the sphenoid

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94
Q

Where is the Infratemporal fossa?

A

Below zygomatic arch

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95
Q

What is the home of V3 and all things mandibular?

A

The Infratemporal Fossa

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96
Q

Name four ways into the Infratemporal Fossa.

A

Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Pterygomaxillary Fissure

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97
Q

Where is the home of V2 and all things Maxillary?

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

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98
Q

Name 6 things that communicate with the Pterygopalatine Fossa?

A 
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Foramen Rotundum 
Sphenopalatine foramen 
Palatine canal (foramen)
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Pterygoid/Pharyngeal canals
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99
Q

What does the Sphenopalatine foramen connect?

A

The pterygomaxillary fissure to the nose

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100
Q

What are the 3 main fossae of the internal cranium?

A

Anterior, Middle, Posterior

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101
Q

What’s the border of the middle and posterior fossae of the cranial cavity?

A

Petrous ridge

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102
Q

What foramen in the middle cranial fossa is an artifact?

A

Foramen lacerum

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103
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal?

A

Just lateral to the foramen magnum

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104
Q

Describe a cranial Motor pathway.

A

UMN & LMN

LMN cell body is in brain and exits CNS to target.

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105
Q

Where are the cell bodies in sensory Cranial Nerves?

A

In PNS Ganglia

1st order sensory neuron, and ganglia are just like dorsal root ganglia

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106
Q

Describe a parasympathetic pathway of a cranial nerve.

A

UPM > LMN > exits brain (this LMN is pre-ganglionic) > synapse on or near the target > Post-gangliionic neuron

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107
Q

What cranial nerves have a parasympathetic function?

A

III, VII, IX, and X

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108
Q

What are CNS nuclei?

A

Site of cell bodies and synapses.

Group of neuronal cells sharing same function and in the same area.

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109
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves with Somatic Motor functions?

A

III, IV, VI, and XII

think eye and tongue

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110
Q

Name the 5 cranial nerves with Branchial Motor innervations.

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI

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111
Q

What cranial nerves have Parasympathetic functions?

A

III, VII, IX, X

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112
Q

What is the target of the visceral efferent (Parasympathetic) functions of CN III, VII, IX, and X?

A

Constricor pupillae muscles and ciliary muscles
Lacrimal gland, submandibular/sublingual glands
Parotid gland
Pharynx, Larynx, thorax, abdomen smooth muscle/glands

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113
Q

Name the cranial nerves with a General Sensory function.

A

V, VII, IX, X

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114
Q

What cranial nerves have a special sensory function?

A

I, II, VII, IX, VIII, X

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115
Q

What special sensory characteristics to cranial nerves I, II, VII, IX, VIII and X have?

A 
Smell
Sight
Taste (ant 2/3 tongue)
Taste (post 1/3 tongue)
Hearing/balance
Taste
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116
Q

Which nerves have a Visceral Sensory function, and what tissues are involved?

A 
IX and X
Parotid gland, carotid body, middle ear
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Heart
esophagus, stomach, intestines
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117
Q

Name all the Cranial Nerves:

A

ooh, ooh, ooh, to touch and feel van gough’s vagina, AH!
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulochoclear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

118
Q

Where is the origination of a branched nerve?

A

At the branching

119
Q

A named nerve, originating at a branch, still has a…

A

pathway

120
Q

explain the pathway of the Olfactory n.

A

Best seen inferior on the brain. Travels out and connects to the Cribiform plate.

121
Q

Explain the pathway of the Optic n.

A

Travels through optic chiasma, optic canal, and into the eye.

122
Q

What function do the olfactory and optic nn. have?

A

Special Sensory

123
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Oculomotor n.?

A

Somatic motor

Parasympathetic (visceral motor)

124
Q

Oculomotor (CN III) somatic pathway:

A

Cavernous sinus > Superior orbital fissure > 2 divisions

Superior and Inferior division

125
Q

Oculomotor (CN III) Parasympathetic pathway:

A

Cavernous sinus > Superior orbital fissure > pre-ganglionic synapse in ciliary ganglion > post-ganglionic nn. called short ciliary nn. > eyeball > ciliary muscles an pupillae muscles.

126
Q

Trochlear (CN IV) pathway:

A

Cavernous sinus > Superior orbital fissure > superior oblique m.

127
Q

Trigeminal (CN V) V1 pathway:

A

Trigeminal ganglion in the cavernous sinus > superior orbital fissure > orbit > sensory nn. branch

128
Q

Trigeminal (CN V) V2 pathway:

A

Trigeminal ganglion in the cavernous sinus > Foramen Rotundum > Pterygopalatine Fossa >
(Branches to Orbit and Palate)
(Orbital branch) > Inferior orbital fissure > Infraorbital canal > Infra orbital foramen >

129
Q

Trigeminal (CN V) V3 sensory pathway:

A

Trigeminal ganglion in the cavernous sinus > Foramen Ovale > Infratemporal fossa > Mandibular foramen > mandibular canal > Mental Foramen

130
Q

Trigeminal (CN V) V3 Branchial Motor pathway:

A

Cavernous sinus > Foramen Ovale > Infratemporal Fossa > Branches to mm.

131
Q

Abducens (CN VI) pathway:

A

Cavernous sinus > Superior orbital fissure > lateral rectus m.

132
Q

Facial (CN VII) Branchial motor pathways:

A

Internal acoustic meatus > Facial canal > Stylomastoid Foramen > branches to facial expression mm.

Internal acoustic meatus > facial canal > middle ear > Stapedius m.

133
Q

Facial (CNVII) Parasympathetic pathways:

A

Internal acoustic meatus > facial canal > Greater Petrosal n. > pterygoid canal > pterygopalatine fossa > PterygoPalatine Ganglion > then, 1) inferior orbital fissure > lacrimal gland or, 2) sphenopalatine foramen > mucous glands nose/palate

Internal acoustic meatus > facial canal > Chorda Tympani n. > Middle Earl > Petrotympatic Fissure > Infratemporal fossa > rides with lingual n. of V3 > Submandibular Ganglion > submandibular/sublingual glands

134
Q

Facial (CNVII) General Sensory pathway:

A

Internal acoustic meatus > Geniculate Ganglion in the facial canal > stylomastoid foramen > small parts by the ear

135
Q

Facial (CNVII) Special Sensory pathway:

A

Internal acoustic meatus > Geniculate Ganglion in the facial canal > Chorda Tympani n. > middle ear > Petrotympanic Fissure > Infratemporal Fossa > rides with lingual n. V3 > ant. 2/3 tongue

136
Q

Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII) function:

A

Hearing & Balance

137
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) functions / innervations:

A

Branchial motor : stylopharyngeus
General sensory (2) : tongue/pharynx & tympanic
Visceral sensory : carotid body/sinus
Special sensory : post 1/3 tongue
Parasympathetic (visceral motor) : parotid gland

138
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Branchial pathway:

A

jugular foramen > stylopharyngeus m.

139
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) General Sensory pathways:

A

jugular foramen > Glossopharyngeal Ganglia (sup/inf) > tongue/pharynx

jugular foramen > Glossopharyngeal Ganglia (sup/inf) > tympanic canal > middle ear > tympanic plexus > branches

(NOTE: this is the ONE OF TWO that goes out, then back into the Cranial Cavity)

140
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Visceral Sensory pathway:

A

jugular foramen > superior and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia > carotid body/sinus

141
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Special Sensory pathway:

A

jugular foramen > sup/inf glossopharyngeal ganglia > Posterior 1/3 Tongue

142
Q

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Parasympathetic pathway:

A

jugular foramen > tympanic canal > middle ear > tympanic plexus > Lesser Petrosal n. > Foramen Ovale > infratemporal fossa > Otic Ganglion > join V3 > parotid gland

(this is 2nd that goes out/in. BUT, this one goes out again)

143
Q

Name the functions of the Vagus n.

A

Branchial
Parasympathetic
Visceral sensory
Special sensory

144
Q

Vagus n. (X) Branchial pathway:

A

Jugular foramen > muscles

145
Q

What 3 general areas do the branchial motor pathway of the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Pharynx
Palate
Larynx

146
Q

Vagus (CN X) parasympathetic pathway:

A

jugular foramen > ganglion synapse on or near organ > gland/organ

147
Q

Vagus (CN X) general sensory pathway:

A

jugular foramen > Vagal Ganglion > target organ

148
Q

Vagus (CN X) visceral sensory pathway:

A

jugular foramen > Vagal Ganglion > thorax/abdomen

149
Q

Vagus (CN X) special sensory pathway:

A

jugular foramen > Vagal Ganglion > Epiglottis

150
Q

Accessory (CN XI) pathway:

A

Foramen Magnum > jugular foramen > trapezius and SCM

This is a Branchial Motor pathway

151
Q

Hypoglossal (CN XII) pathway:

A

Hypoglossal Canal > mm.

152
Q

What function does CN XII have?

A

Somatic Motor

153
Q

What defines the root (bottom) of the neck?

junction of thorax/neck

A

1st Rib, T1 vertebrae, manubrium of sternum

154
Q

How many layers of superficial fascia are there in the neck?

A

One

155
Q

Name 3 types of deep fascia of the neck?

A

Thyroid
Carotid
Vertebral

156
Q

What type of fascia envelopes the Trapezius and SCM?

A

Investing Fascia

157
Q

What type of fascia surrounds the Trachea?

A

Pre-tracheal fascia

158
Q

Does pre-tracheal fascia envelope mm.?

A

no

159
Q

What fascia envelopes vertebrae and mm.?

A

Prevertebral

160
Q

What is composed of all three fascia layers?

A

Carotid fascia

161
Q

What 3 structures does the carotid fascia surround?

A

Carotid a.
Internal Jugular v.
Vagus n.

162
Q

The SCM, working unilaterally, does what to the head?

A

Pulls the head up and in the opposite direction.

This is because its upper attachment is so lateral to its lower.

163
Q

What are the 2 main triangles of the neck?

A

Posterior

Anterior

164
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

SCM
Trapezius
Clavicle

165
Q

What is the roof and floor of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Roof: Skin, superficial fascia
Floor: Prevertebral fascia

166
Q

What are the 5 mm. in the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A 
Spenius capitus
Levator scapulae
posterior scalene
middle scalene
anterior scalene
167
Q

What muscle divides the posterior triangle?

A

Omohyoid

168
Q

What are the two sub-triangles of the posterior triangle?

A

Occipital triangle

Supraclavicular triangle

169
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline, SCM, inferior border of the mandible

170
Q

What are the 4 subtriangles that make up the anterior triangle?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular (omotracheal)

171
Q

Which anterior subtriangle is NOT bilateral?

A

Submental

this is a midline structure

172
Q

What is the difference between thyroid and cricoid cartilage?

A

Thyroid - forms prominence

Cricoid - forms complete rings

173
Q

What muscle lies in the Superficial Cervical Fascia?

A

Platysma muscle

174
Q

In addition to the Trapezius and SCM mm. what does Investing Fascia encapsulate?

A

Parotid and Submandibular glands.

175
Q

T/F Pretrachial Fascia envelopes muscles.

A

False

176
Q

What type of fascia is Pretrachial fascia continuous with?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

177
Q

What type of fascia envelopes vertebrae and muscles?

A

Prevertebral

178
Q

What structure in the neck is composed from all three fascial layers?

A

Carotid Sheath

179
Q

What muscle separates the posterior from the ant. triangle?

A

SCM

180
Q

What are the 5 FLOOR muscles of the Posterior Triangle of the neck?

A 
Splenius Capitus
Levator Scapulae
Posterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Anterior Scalene
181
Q

Where is the splenius capitus?

A

Superior muscle, fibers run crosswise with Traps

182
Q

What’s the origin/insertion of the Levator Scapulae?

A

Dorsal parts of C1-4 to Scapula

183
Q

What 3 muscles make up the inferior lateral portion of the posterior triangle?

A

Scalenes

184
Q

What triangles does the Omohyoid separate?

A

The Occipital and the Supraclavicular

185
Q

What muscle originates in superficial fascia of deltoid/pectoral and inserts on inferior border of mandible?

A

Platysma

186
Q

What n. innervates the Platysma?

A

CN VII - facial

187
Q

What muscle in the neck should be considered part of facial expression?

A

Platysma

188
Q

Innervation of SCM?

A

Spinal Accessory (XI)

189
Q

General O/I for Splenius Capitus?

A

Lower c-spine > Mastoid process

190
Q

From the spine, the splenius capitus runs _____ and the trapezius runs _____

A

Up

Down

191
Q

Wha innervates the splenius capitus?

A

Cervical spinal nn.

192
Q

General O/I for Levator Scapulae?

A

Upper c-spine to scapula

193
Q

What innervates the Levator Scapulae?

A

Dorsal Scapular n.

194
Q

General O/I for Scalenes?

A

Transverse processes of cervical spine > 2nd and 1st rib

195
Q

What are the two actions of the scalenes?

A

Lateral flexion and aid in forced inspiration by lifting ribs

196
Q

What innervates the scalenes?

A

C3-C8

197
Q

What m. is part of the roof of the Anterior Triangle?

A

Platysma

198
Q

What makes up the floor of the Anterior triangle?

A

pharynx, larynx, and thyroid

199
Q

Name the 4 triangles of the Anterior triangle.

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular (omotracheal)

200
Q

What makes up the border of the submental triangle?

A

Anterior digastric mm. with the hyoid bone

201
Q

What muscle attaches to the interior of the mandible and comprises the mm. in the submental and submandibular triangles?

A

Mylohyoid

202
Q

What forms the boundaries of the Submandibular triangle?

A

Anterior and Posterior Digastric mm. with jawline

203
Q

What makes up the Carotid triangle?

A

Posterior Digastric
SCM
Omohyoid

204
Q

What makes up the Muscular triangle?

A

Omohyoid
SCM
Sternohyoid (which is the midline)

205
Q

What are the 4 Infrahyoid mm.?

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

206
Q

What are the 5 Suprahyoid mm.?

A 
Ant. Digastric
Post. Digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
207
Q 
What are the Actions and Innervations of the:
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
A

Depresses Hyoid, Larynx, or both

C1-C3 spinal nn. EXCEPT Thyrohyoid, which is innervated by Hypoglossal (XII)

208
Q

What are the functions of the Suprahyoid mm.?

A

Elevate hyoid bone (& floor of mouth/base of tongue)

209
Q

Innervations of the Suprahyoid mm.

A 
Post. Digastric     CNVII
Stylohyoid           CNVII
Ant. Digastric     V3
Mylohyoid          V3
Geniohyoid        C1
210
Q

Name 4 Prevertebral mm. in the posterior that aren’t considered part of the floor.

A

Longus coli
Longus capitus
Rectus capitus anterior
Rectus capitus lateralis

211
Q

Innervation/Action of 4 Prevertebral posterior mm.

A

C1-C8

Head flexion

212
Q

General O/I for longus coli.

A

C3-T3 > Ant. Atlas and C3-C5

213
Q

General O/I for longus capitus

A

C3-6 > Base of skull

214
Q

O/I for:

Rectus capitus anterior

A

Atlas > Base of skull/foramen magnum

215
Q

O/I for:

Rectus capital lateralis

A

Atlas > Occipital bone

216
Q

What cranial nerves innervate the neck?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

217
Q

What spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

218
Q

What spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-4

219
Q

What two mm. does the Brachial plexus emerge between?

A

Anterior and Middle Scalenes

220
Q

What branches does the Glossopharyngeal n. have in the neck?

A

Submandibular and Carotid

221
Q

What does the branchiomotor function of the Glossopharyngeal n. innervate?

A

Stylopharyngeus m.

222
Q

What 3 things does the visceral sensory function of the Glossopharyngeal innervate?

A

Pharynx
Chemoreceptor (carotid body - regulates heart rate and respiration)
Baroreceptor (carotid sinus - regulates BP)

223
Q

T/F

The vagus n. travels through the carotid triangle.

A

True

224
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the vagus n. ?

A

Pharyngeal
Superior laryngeal
Recurrent Laryngeal

225
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus n.?

A

Internal laryngeal n. - larynx General Sensory

External laryngeal n. - branchial motor (1 m.)

226
Q

T/F

The Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus n. is bilaterally symetrical

A

False

227
Q

What does the Left/Right side of the Laryngeal n. loop under?

A

Left: Aortic arch
Right: Subclavian

228
Q

What 2 neck mm. does the Accessory n. innervate?

A

SCM and Traps

229
Q

What is the pathway of CN XI to the SCM and traps?

A

Foramen magnum > Jugular foramen > mm.

230
Q

What triangles does CN XII pass through?

A

Anterior triangle > Submandibular triangle

231
Q

How does the Hypoglossal n. get to the tongue?

A

Between the Mylogyoid and Hyoglossus mm.

232
Q

Does CN XII have any innervations in the neck?

A

No

233
Q

Deep to the ______ is a bundle of nerves called the ______

A

SCM

Cervical Plexus

234
Q

What division of the Cervical Plexus supplies 3 of 4 Infrahyoid mm.?

A

Ansa Cervicalis (C1-3)

235
Q

What are the roots of the Cervical Plexus?

A

Ventral Rami of C1-4

236
Q

What suprahyoid and infrahyoid mm. does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

Suprahyoid - only the Geniohyoid

Infrahyoid (ALL) - Omo, Sterno, Thyrohyoid plus Sternothyroid

237
Q

What are the Cutaneous Sensory nn. of the Cervical Plexus?

A

Lesser Occipital
Greater Auricular
Transverse cervical
Supraclavicular

238
Q

Which cutaneous sensory n. in the cervical plexus innervates the anterior neck?

A

Transverse cervical

239
Q

Which cutaneous n. of the cervical plexus has sensory innervation of the posterior ear, neck, and scalp?

A

Lesser Occipital

240
Q

Which n. does C1 ride with?

A

They Hypoglossal (CN XI)

241
Q

The RCL & RCA are innervated by what nerves?

A

C1 & C2

242
Q

T/F

The RCL and RCA are associates with the Ansa Cervicalis.

A

False

Deep branch not associated with Ansa

243
Q

What nerves innervate the Longus Coli?

A

C1-8

244
Q

Innervation Middle scalene?

A

C3-4

245
Q

T/F

C5 is NOT in the cervical plexus

A

True

246
Q

How many sympathetic chain ganglia are in the cervical region and what are they called?

A

3
Inferior ganglion - C7-8
Middle - C5-6
Superior C1-4

247
Q

Which of the three sympathetic cervical ganglion is the biggest? which is smallest?

A

Superior

Middle

248
Q

Do cervical sympathetic ganglia have white communicating rami?

A

NO

249
Q 
Innervations:
Longus Coli
Levator Scapulae
Ant. Scalene
Middle Scalene
Post. Scalene
A 
C1-3
C2-8
C3-5
C5-8
C3-4
C5-8
(trends: high, low, length)
250
Q

What is the Splenius Capitus innervated by?

A

Dorsal rami of the cervical nn.

251
Q

T/F

ALL the infrahyoid muscles are innervated via the Ansa Cervicalis.

A

True

252
Q

On which side of the body is the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right

253
Q

Where does the Subclavian a. divide into three parts?

A

Anterior Scalene

254
Q

What are the first three branches (making up the 1st part) of the Subclavian a.?

A

Vertebral a.
Internal thoracic a.
Thyrocervical trunk a.

255
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the Thyrocervical Trunk?

A

Suprascapular a.
Transverse Cervical a.
Inferior thyroid a.

256
Q

What are 3 divisions of the Inferior Thyroid a. ?

A

Ascending cervical branch
Inferior laryngeal branch
Pharyngeal branch

257
Q

What makes up the 2nd part of the Subclavian branches?

A

Costocervical trunk
Divides into the Deep cervical a.
and the Superior intercostal a.

258
Q

What are the two major branches off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

The Subclavian and Common Carotid

259
Q

From whence does the Common Carotid come on the left side?

A

Branches right out of the Aortic Arch

260
Q

Where are the chemo and baro-receptors from the Glossopharyngeal n. located on the Common Carotid?

A

Near the bifurcation between Common and Internal branches.

261
Q

T/F

The internal carotid does not branch before the head.

A

True

262
Q

Name the 6 branches of the External Carotid in ascending order.

A 
Superior Thyroid a. 
Lingual a. 
Facial a. 
Occipital a.
Ascending pharyngeal a.
Posterior auricular a.
263
Q

What is the only medial branch off the External Carotid?

A

Pharyngeal

264
Q

Name 2 branches of the Superior Thyroid a.

A

Muscular branches

Superior laryngeal a.

265
Q

Name 3 branches of the Facial a.

A

Ascending palatine a.
Tonsilar a.
Glandular branches

266
Q

Popular Question:

What are the terminating branches (incidentally, not part of the six major branches) of the External Carotid a.?

A

Maxillary a.

Superficial Temporal a.

267
Q

What branch of the External Carotid goes through the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Occipital a.

268
Q

Generally, the ______a. goes posterior and the ______a. goes anterior

A

Subclavian

External Carotid

269
Q

What is the venous pathway exiting the cranium?

A

Internal Jugular > jugular foramen > External Jugular v. subclavian v. > Brachiocephalic v. > Superior Vena Cava

270
Q

What are the 4 main superficial external veins of the head and neck?

A

Superficial temporal v.
Retromandibular v.
Posterior auricular v.
External jugular v.

271
Q

What forms the Retromandibular v.

A

Superficial temporal and the Maxillary vv.

272
Q

What forms the External jugular v.?

A

Posterior Auricular and Retromandibular

273
Q

Besides the cranial cavity, what does the Internal Jugular v. drain?

A 
Infratemporal region, then
facial
lingual
pharyngeal
thyroid
274
Q

What structure located in the carotid triangle does the internal jugular v. pass through?

A

Carotid sheath

275
Q

What does the internal jugular v. ultimately drain in to?

A

Joins with the Subclavian to form the Brachiocephalic v.

276
Q

What does the common facial v. drain in to?

A

Internal jugular v.

277
Q

In what layer is the Anterior jugular v.?

A

superficial cervical fascia

278
Q

Name all the jugular vv.

A

Anterior, Internal, External

279
Q

What are the 3 layers of Cervical Viscera?

A

Superficial endocrine layer
Middle respiratory layer
Deep alimentary layer

280
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland, what does it produce, and where is it located?

A

Thyroid gland
Calcitonin
Superficial layer cervical viscera

281
Q

Describe the arterial, venous, and nerve supply to the thyroid.

A

Superior & Inferior thyroid aa. (carotid/subclavian)
superior, middle, inferior thyroid vv.
Cervical sympathetic ganglia

282
Q

T/F

Parathyroid and thyroid glands get blood, lymph, and nerves the same way.

A

True

283
Q

What makes up the middle layer of the cervical viscera?

A

Larynx and Trachea

284
Q

What are the 2 structures that make up the deep layer of cervical viscera?

A

Pharynx and esophagus

285
Q

Lymph from the Right side of the head and neck drains into the:

A

Right lymphatic duct

then onto the right subclavian v.

286
Q

Lymph fromt the Left side of the head and neck drains into the:

A 
Thoracic duct
(then left lymphatic duct and into left subclavian v.)
287
Q

Where are the two horizontal rings of nodes located?

A

Horizontal superficial is around the neck/head border.

Horizontal deep ring is around the visceral structures.

288
Q

What vertical structures run down the horizontal rings?

A

Deep cervical (jugular) trunk
aka - Common Right lymphatic duct &
Left side Thoracic duct

289
Q

Name the 6 lymph nodes of the Superficial Horizontal Ring:

A 
Submental
Submandibular 
Parotid superficial
Parotid deep
Retroauricular
Occipital
290
Q

What are the 5 nodes of the Deep Horizontal Ring:

A 
Retropharyngeal
Paratracheal
Pre-tracheal
Pre-laryngeal
Infrahyoid

Tim's Cards (140 decks)

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