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Body synthetic > Cells and Genetics > Flashcards

Cells and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

biohybrid

A

part living part mechanical

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2
Q

Tissue Engineering

A

An interdisciplinary field that applies the
principles of engineering, materials science,
and life sciences toward the development of
biological substitutes that restore, maintain
or improve tissue or organ function

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3
Q

4 Types Of Tissue

A

muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contract for movement and support (Cardiac, Skeletal and Smooth)

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

line our organs (skin, stomach lining)

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6
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

sends signals (CNS, spinal cord, brain)

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A

connects supports and protects other tissues (ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bone, blood, fat)

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8
Q

Three components of tissue

A

cells, ECM, soluble factors

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9
Q

What makes up Cellular Tissue Engineering

A

Cells + Scaffold + extracellular signals = biological substitute

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10
Q

Steps of creating a biological substitute

A
  1. Cell Sourcing
  2. Cell expansion and manipulation
  3. Mechanical and Molecular signalling
  4. Cell seeding and extracellular matrix expression
  5. Implantation of construct into patient
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11
Q

Engineering of Cells for Transplantation Crisis

A

cell transplantation
(pros: heal faster & better
cons: issues with ideal cell source, and off-shelf availability)
or host cell manipulation

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12
Q

Cell Regenerative Capacity

A

Renewing Liable cells (multiply constantly through life), Expanding Stable cells (low rate of death and replication due to stimuli) and Static permanent cells (lack capacity to divide)

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13
Q

the skin is an example of

A

liable cell, dermis underlay and epidermis top lay, produce keratin protein which pushes to surface flaking off dead skin

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14
Q

the intestinal epithelium is an example of

A

liable cell,
•Enterocytes absorb nutrients
•Goblet cells proved a protective mucous lining
•The epithelial sheet is in a continuous upward movement, shed of the tip of the villi

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15
Q

the bone marrow is an example of

A

liable cell,
•found in breast bone, skull, hips, ribs
•produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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16
Q

a heart muscle cell is an example of

A

static cell,

•damage to heart creates scar tissue which does not contract

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17
Q

a neuron is an example of

A

static cell

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18
Q

Cell Sources

A

Autologous (from the patient)
Allogeneic (from other human source)
Xenogeneic (from different species)

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19
Q

Analogous Cells

A

•differentiated cells of same tissue or type
•stem cells
pros: immunologically acceptable
cons: not readily available, donor site morbidity

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20
Q

Allogeneic Cells

A

•Differentiated cells of same or other tissue type
•Adult stem cells
•Fetal stem cells
•Embryonic stem cells
pros: can be readily available
cons: not always immunologically acceptable

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21
Q

Xenogeneic Cells

A

•Differentiated cells of same or other tissue type
•Adult stem cells
•Fetal stem cells
•Embryonic stem cells
cons: require specific engineering immunology tolerance, potential animal virus transmission

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22
Q

Stem Cells can

A

self-renew and differentiate

divide asymmetrically or symmetrically

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23
Q

Stem Cell Differentiation

A

Stem Cells (few, divide rate is low) –> Progenitor Cells (a lot and divide often) –> Differentiated Cells

24
Q

Stem Cell Types

A

Totipotent: can become any cell (found in extra-embryonic tissue- placenta, umbilical cord)
Pluripotent: can become any somatic cell (not produced from trophoblast)
Multipotent: can only differentiate into specific cells

25
Q

Stem Cell Sources

A

Embryonic (ES): pluripotent, derived from inner cell blastocyst
Induced Pluripotent (iPS): genetically programmed to an embryonic state
Adult: undifferentiated (found in Bone marrow, Fat, Blood, Brain and spinal cord, dental pulp, Liver, Skeletal muscle, Pancreas, Epidermis, Mucosa of the digestive system, etc)
Fetal: cord blood, Amniotic fluid and placenta

26
Q

ESC (embryonic stem cells) pros and cons

A

Pros: ease of purification, able to propagate rapidly, potential to form any cell
Cons: risk of teratoma (derivatives of all 3 germ layers), pathogen transmission, immunologic rejection, ethical concerns

27
Q

Germ Layers

A
  • Endoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
28
Q

Endoderm

A

lung,liver,pancreas,digestive tubes

29
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis-skin,hair,mammary,inner ear

Neural tubes-Brain,spinal cord, PNS

30
Q

Mesoderm

A

Paraxial: sclerotome- axial skeletal; myotome-skeletal muscle; dermatome-connective tissue
Intermediate: mullerian ducts- oviducts, uterus; mesonephros- kidney, testies, ovary
Lateral: somatic- connective tissue of body wall & limb, visceral mesoder- mesenteries, heart blood vessels

31
Q

Bone Marrow Stem Cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells: produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Mesenchymal stem cells: chondrocyte, Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, tendons, adipocyte, endothelial cell, etc.
Endothelial progenitor cells: give rise to endothelial cells

32
Q

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

A

Immunoprivileged, readily isolated from various parts of human body, expand in culture without differentiation for 30-40 division

33
Q

Fetal Stem Cells

A

Amniotic fluid and placenta: Hematopoietic, Mesenchymal, Pluripotent
Cord blood: Hematopoietic, Pluripotent

34
Q

Fetal Stem Cells Pros and Cons

A

Pros: Ease of procurement, abundant source, higher
capacity to proliferate and less immunogenic than
adult stem cells, no ethical concerns
Cons: limited number of cells, immunogenic

35
Q

Stem Cell Differentiation, Intra and Extra cellular

A

extracellular: growth factors, hormones, extracellular matrix
components
intracellular: induce gene expression, silence gene expression

36
Q

Regulatory Signals

A

Conductive: scaffolds(temporary substrates
to grow cells in an organized fashion)
Inductive: drug delivery by soluble factors

37
Q

Scaffold Requirements

A

Large surface area/volume ratio(macroporus network, tissue ingrowth, vascularization, nutrient delivery)
Biocompatible(environment for new tissue growth, low inflammatory response)
Mechanical Property(integrity, strength, stiffness)
Specific 3D shape
Physical guidance or patterning
Degrade at same rate as tissue formation
Ability to incorporate drug releasing component

38
Q

Porosity

A 
•5 µm neovascularization
•5-15 µm fibroblast ingrowth
•20 µm ingrowth of hepatocytes
•20-125 µm regeneration of adult
mammalian skin
•100-350 µm regeneration of bone
39
Q

Large Surface Area/Volume

A

Manufacturing- Solvant Casting, Leaching, Gas Formation, Freeze Drying, Rapid Prototyping, Hydrogel
Fibrous- Electrospinning

40
Q

Solvent Casting and Leaching

A

Pros: pore size can be tuned by changing the particle size and polymer/particle ratio
Cons: limited thickness, cytotoxic organic solvent

41
Q

Gas Formation

A

Pros: avoid organic solvent
Cons: pores do not form an interconnected structure

42
Q

Freeze Drying

A

Pros: avoid organic solvents, and high temperatures
Cons: porosity and pore size is difficult to control

43
Q

Rapid Prototyping

A

3D printing of scaffold and cells
CAD/CAM methodologies
Solid free form fabrication
ink jet printing

44
Q

Hydrogel

A

cross-linked polymeric structures
• Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel – chemical
crosslinking
• Agarose hydrogel – physical entanglement
• Alginate hydrogel – Ca2+ crosslinking

45
Q

Electrospinning

A

high voltage applied to polymer solution
counteracts the surface tension
Fiber diameter, porosity, and morphology can be
controlled by applied voltage, viscosity, solution
conductivity, and temperature

46
Q

Fibrous

A

tubular

wound repair, skin tissue, cartilage tissues, cardiovascular

47
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units
examples:hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate

48
Q

ECM molecular components

A
  • Collagen (tensile strength, cell binding domain)
  • Elastin (resiliency and extensibility)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAG, attract water and resistance to pressure)
  • Proteoglycans (attract water and keep the ECM and cells hydrated, trap and store growth factors)
  • Glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, binding domain for cells and ECM molecules)
49
Q

Integrin

A

Transmembrane receptor on cells for binding ECM proteins

50
Q

Ligand

A

cell binding site on an ECM molecule

51
Q

Scaffold Souble Factors

A
  • Hydrophobic nanoparticles/microspheres

* Affinity-based delivery system (heparinbinding)

52
Q

Hydrophobic NanoParticles Pros and Cons

A

Pros: controlled release rate, high entrapment
Cons: inflammatory, organic solvents, potential denaturation, low drug loading efficiency for hydrophilic drugs

53
Q

Entrapment efficiency

A

weight of drug entrapped into a carrier system /total drug added

54
Q

Loading efficiency

A

weight of drug to the weight of total carrier system (drug plus polymer carrier)

55
Q

Heprin Binding Growth Factors Types, Pros and Cons

A 
• bFGF
• GDNF
• NGF
• NT-3
• PDGF
• Sonic hedgehog
Pros:High drug entrapment efficiency, water-based
Cons:only used for growth factors with binding affinity for heparin

Body synthetic (4 decks)

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