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Allergy and Immunology > First Aid, Chapter 1 Immune Mechanisms, Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors > Flashcards

First Aid, Chapter 1 Immune Mechanisms, Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the innate mechanisms used on extracellular bacteria?

A

Complement activation Phagocytosis: Recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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2
Q

What are the innate mechanisms used on intracellular bacteria?

A

Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs)

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3
Q

What are the innate mechanisms used on fungi?

A

Neutrophil phagocytosis Complement activation

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4
Q

What are the innate mechanisms used on viruses?

A

Phagocytosis: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NK cells

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5
Q

What are the innate mechanisms used on parasites?

A

Phagocytosis; Complement (alternative pathway)

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6
Q

What is the difference in the genetics of innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity: Response encoded in host germ line DNA

Adaptive immunity: somatic gene rearrangement

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7
Q

What does the innate immune system recognize in pathogens?

A

Recognize conserved sequences such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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8
Q

What does the adaptive immune system recognize in pathogens?

A

Recognize unique antigenic determinants: TCR and (MHC restricted-) Ig receptors

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9
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A

Complement Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells Phagocytes Mast cell or basophils NK cells

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10
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune system?

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and complement

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11
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)? What are they produced by?

A

AMP are ubiquitous cationic proteins that play a role in innate immunity. They provide defense against bacteria and fungi viruses. Produced by keratinocytes.

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12
Q

What are the families of AMPs in humans?

A

Two families in humans:
o Human β defensins: HBD1, 2, 3
o Human cathelicidins: LL37 o Lactoferrins: hLF1-11
o Histatins

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13
Q

How do AMPs work?

A

Interact with phospholipids of microbial membranes, enter cell and mediate antiproliferative effects

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14
Q

Why are atopic dermatitis patients susceptible to staph aureas infections?

A

AMPs are decreased in a Th2 environment. Atopic dermatitis patients are susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection due to a decrease in AMP.

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15
Q

What environment are AMPs decreased in?

A

Th2 environment.

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16
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis and oxidative burst or free radical production

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17
Q

What is the function of monocytes or macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines

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18
Q

What are two types of dendritic cells?

A

APCs (conventional) and antiviral (plasmacytoid)

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19
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Antihelminthic, antibacterial, and secretion of proinflammatory mediators or free radicals

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20
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A

Antibacterial, antiviral, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines

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21
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Antibacterial, antiviral, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines

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22
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

Eliminates virus-infected cells and tumor cells (missing “self” hypothesis), and secretion of cytokines

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23
Q

What are the function of intraepithelial lymphocytes?

A

Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (phagocyte activation and killing of infected cells)

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24
Q

What is the function of B-1 B lymphocytes?

A

Produce natural serum antibodies.

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25
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are conserved microbial sequences found on microorganims. Their strucutres are consistent and conserved.

26
Q

What are examples of PAMPs?

A

LPS on gran-negative bacteria on teichoic acid on gram on gram positive bacteria

27
Q

What are PRRs? Where are they found? What do they recognize?

A

Pattern recognition receptors on APCs (conventional dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and macrophages).
-PRRs identify PAMPs on microorganisms to detect infection.

28
Q

Name some pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • fMLP (N-formyl met-leu-phe receptors)
  • CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains eg retinoic acid inducible gene-I-like receptors)
  • CLR C-type lectin receptors: mannose-binding lectin and macrophage mannose receptor)
  • NLR (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains NODs)
  • NACT-LRR and pyrin domain-containing proteins (NALPS)
  • TLR (toll-like receptors)
29
Q

Where are fMLP (N0formyl Met-Leu-Phe) receptors found? What class are they? What is their structure? What is their function?

A
  • cell surface
  • signalling
  • G protein-coupled 7-transmembrane domain receptor
  • antibacterial
30
Q

Where are CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains eg retinoic acid inducible gene-l-like receptors) found? What class are they? What is their structure? What is their function?

A

-cytoplasm
-signalling
RNA helicase and caspase recruitment domains, component of inflammasome
-cytoplasmic virus detection and to induce type 1 IFN production

31
Q

Where are CLRs (C-type lectin receptors mannose binding lectin and macrophage mannose receptors) found? What class are they? What is their structure? What is their function?

A
  • Cell surface
  • secreted or endocytic
  • calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding domain
  • antifungal immunity
32
Q

Where are NLR or NACT-LRRs found? What class are they? What is their structure? What is their function?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • signalling
  • c-terminal leucine-rich repeat and nucleotide-binding domain, central proteins of inflammasome
  • IL-1B and IL-18 secretion
33
Q 
Where are TLRs found? 
What class are they? What is their function?
A
  • cell surface and cytoplasm (TLR3)
  • signalling
  • antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral immunity
34
Q

What is the inflammasome? What cytokines does it cause secretion of? What provides a platform for adaptor proteins SC and caspases to bind?

A

The inflammasome is multiprotein complex located in the cytoplasm that activates caspases 1 and 5, leading to production and secretion of IL-1 and IL-18. NALPs provide a platform to which the adaptor protein ASC and caspases bind

35
Q

What diseases are activating mutations in cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome 1 (CIAS1) seen in?

A

Activating mutations in cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome 1(CIAS1) is seen in Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), familial cold urticaria, and chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, and articular autoinflammatory disease (CINCA).

36
Q

Where are TLRs found?

A

TLRs are found on the cell surface or intracellularly.

-TLR 3, 7, 8, and 9 are found in the intracellular compartment and detect nucleic acids.

37
Q

What adapter protein plays a role in TLR signalling?

A

MyD88

38
Q

What is the ligand for TLR1? What is the source?

A

Ligand: lipoarabinomannan
Source: mycobacteria

39
Q

What is the ligand for TLR2? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Zymosan
Source: Fungi

40
Q

What is the ligand for TLR3? What is the source?

A

Ligand: dsRNA
Source: Virus

41
Q

What is the ligand for TLR4? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, RSV fusion protein, and HSP (heat shock protein) 70 and HSP 90
Source: Gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, RSV, and endogenous acute phase proteins

42
Q

What is the ligand for TLR5? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Flagellin
Source: Flagellated bacteria

43
Q

What is the ligand for TLR6? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Diacyl lipopeptides
Source: Mycoplasma

44
Q

What is the ligand for TLR7? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Imidazolquinolones
Source: Synthetic

45
Q

What is the ligand for TLR8? What is the source?

A

Ligand: ssRNA
Source: Virus

46
Q

What is the ligand for TLR9? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Unmethylated CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanosine) motifs
Source: Bacteria and DNA viruses

47
Q

What is the ligand for TLR10? What is the source?

A

Ligand and source: unknown

48
Q

What is the ligand for TLR11? What is the source?

A

Ligand: Profilin
Source: Toxoplasma gondii

49
Q

What is signalling through MyD88 dependent pathways similar to?

A

Similar to signalling through IL-1.

50
Q

What TLR-signalling pathways are MyD88 involved in?

A

All except TLR3

51
Q

What is TLR3 signaling mediated through?

A

TLR3 signaling is mediated by the Toll-interleukin-1-receptor domain containing adapter-inducing interferon β (TRIF) and is MyD88 independent.

52
Q

What signaling pathways does TLR4 signal thorugh?

A

TLR4 can signal through both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways (Figure 1-18).TLR 4 binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), MD2 (lymphocyte antigen 96), and CD14.

53
Q

What are TLR agonists 7 and 8 agonists? What are they used for?

A

TLR agonists, such as imiquimod (TLR 7) and resiquimod (TLR 7 and 8), are used topically for its antiviral and antitumor effects.

54
Q

What TLR mutations are associated with HSV1 encephalitis?

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, and 9

55
Q

What TLR mutations are associated with aspergillosis?

A

TLR4

56
Q

What TLR mutations are associated with adrenal insufficiency?

A

TLR 2, 4

57
Q

What innate signalling pathway mutations are associated with Crohn’s disease or Blau’s syndrome?

A

NOD2 (nucleotide oligomerization domain)

58
Q

What TLR mutation is associated with leprosy and TB?

A

TLR2

59
Q

What does IRAK4 or MyD88 deficieny cause?

A

Recurrent infections with pyogenic bacteria

60
Q

What does mutations in NEMO (NFkB essential modifier) cause?

A

Primary immune deficiency with infectious and mycobacterial susceptibilities

61
Q

Which TLR binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram-negative bacteria?

A

TLR4

62
Q

Which TLRs are present in the intracellular compartment and implicated in HSV1 encephalitis?

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9

Allergy and Immunology (68 decks)

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