4.1.1 Basic Concepts

Question 1

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

a hydrocarbon containing only C-C single bonds

Question 3

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

a hydrocarbon containing at least 1 C to C double bond
-C=C
-C=-C

Question 4

what is a homologous series

Answer 4

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but each successive member differing by a CH2

Question 5

what is a functional group

Answer 5

part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 6

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 6

molecule containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 7

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 7

molecule containing carbons joined together in a ring, with or without branches

Question 8

what is an aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 8

a molecule containing at least 1 benzene ring

Question 9

who determines how hydrocarbons are named

Answer 9

IUPAC

Question 10

what are the prefixes of hydrocarbons

Answer 10

meth
eth
pro
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

Question 11

how do you name aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 11

1) suffix is always -ane
2) count # of carbons in the longest chain (if multiple, use one with most branches)
3) account for any side chains, called alkyl groups, (methyl, ethyl…)
4) name the alkyl groups, making sure to use the smallest number for C possible
5) add di, tri, tetra before prefix for multiple alkyl groups as well

• e.g. 2,2-dimethylhexane

Question 12

how do you name alicyclic alkanes

Answer 12

add prefix cyclo- before stem

Question 13

how do you name alkenes

Answer 13

• use number to indicate position of C=C
• e.g. but-1-ene

Question 14

what is the alcohol functional group and how is it named

Answer 14

-OH
- add suffix -ol (prefix + an + ol)
- name which carbon the OH is on
- e.g. butan-1-ol

Question 15

what is the aldehyde functional group and how is it named

Answer 15

-COH (C=O and C-H)
- add suffix -al
- no need to number as always on end branch (CARBON 1 IS ALWAYS ALDEHYDE CARBON)
- e.g. propanal

Question 16

how do you name a haloalkane

Answer 16

• contains Cl, Br, I
• add prefix chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
• name carbons on which halogen is
• e.g. 1,2-dichloropentane

Question 17

what is the functional group of ketones and how are they named

Answer 17

-C-(C=O)-C-
- add suffix -one (prefix, an, one)
- add number of where C=O bond is only past 5 carbons
- e.g. pentan-3-one

Question 18

what is the carboxylic acid functional group and how do you name it

Answer 18

-COOH (C=O, C-OH)
- add suffix -anoic acid
- no need to number as always on the end chain (CARBON IS COOH IS ALWAYS CARBON 1 WHEN NUMBERING ADDITIONAL BRANCHES)
- e.g. 2-methylbutanoic acid

Question 19

how would you name a hydrocarbon with 4 carbons in longest chain, methyl group and bromine group of 2nd carbon

Answer 19

2-bromo-2-methylbutane

-ALWAYS NAME MULTIPLE GROUPS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Question 20

what is molecular formula

Answer 20

shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 21

what is empirical formula

Answer 21

gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 22

what is general formula

Answer 22

simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

Question 23

what is displayed formula

Answer 23

shows the relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 24

what is structural formula

Answer 24

uses the smallest amount of detail possible to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

-e.g. butane = CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question 25

what is skeletal formula and how is it shown

Answer 25

only shows the backbone of the carbon chain 1) no labels of C and H 2) no hydrogen bonds 3) a line is shown as a single bond 4) intersection of 2 lines is a carbon atom and end of each line is a CH3 group 5) branches go out as sticks 6) functional groups still shown

Question 26

what are structural isomers

Answer 26

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula (same # and type of atoms, but atoms arranged in different ways)

Question 27

what are branches isomers

Answer 27

- straight chain vs branched e.g. butane and 2-methylpropane

Question 28

what are position isomers

Answer 28

have the same functional group but in a different position in the carbon chain -e.g. 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane

Question 29

what are functional group isomers

Answer 29

have different functional groups and belong to different homologous series -e,g propanol and propanone

Question 30

how does bond fission occur in hydrocarbons

Answer 30

covalent bond= shared pair of e- between two bonded atoms - when reaction takes place, bond must break (bond fission)

Question 31

what is homolytic fission

Answer 31

- each of the bonded atoms takes one of the electrons in the shared pair of the bond, forming 2 radicals ( atom with a single, unpaired electron - if SIMILAR electronegativity - shown by fish hook arrows, where one of the arrowhead is missing

Question 32

what is heterolytic bond fission

Answer 32

- where one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons in the bond, forming a + and - ion - use normal 1 arrow, and use slightly positive and slightly negative to show the original molecule with DIFFERENT ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Question 33

what is a reaction mechanism

Answer 33

HOW a reaction takes place

Question 34

how do you draw arrows in reaction mechanisms

Answer 34

from MIDDLE of bond taking electrons from to atom giving electrons too - showing the movement of a pair/ single electron when a covalent bond is being broken or made

Question 35

what is addition reaction

Answer 35

- 2 reactants join together to form 1 product - a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

Question 36

what is a substitution reaction

Answer 36

a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms

Question 37

what is an elimination reaction

Answer 37

removal of a small molecule from a larger one ( 1 reactant forms 2 products) - saturated to unsaturated molecule