414 - part 2 Flashcards
(47 cards)
Martin Luther
1483-1546. The christian theologian who went against the corruption of the church, claiming that only faith and studying Bible is important, not catholic rituals. Inner and Outer man. Thought that even with tyranny, you should not resist, because “Reich wird uns doch bleiben”
William Tell
he was a village headman in one of the canton of Switzerland, while they were under the rule of Habsburgs - there was an evil bailif, who was picking on Tell - tyranny - rose up - three cantons declare authonomy - then more - swiss confederation
Zwingli
(1484-1531)Luther’s contemporary - theological differences with him on Eccesiology and the Eucharist
Zurich become a center of theological reformation - they looked at Luther not as a inspiration, but as an ally - sacrament of the mass ??? - eating the body - it’s the memory, but if people are praying to it, it’s wrong and supersticious
But in Switzerland, everyone is politically active! More conservative cantons split from more liberal who endorsed the Protestantism
- he took arms, and went fighting, and was killeds
1529
Anabaptists
they took the Bible seriously!
Very early history of the christian church - all people joining the church were adults, none babies - so they said it was wrong to baptise infants, because they are too stupid to be christian - rebaptized themselves - you are christian, and they are not, their sacrament is not valid!
The very first group of anabaptists got into trouble with Zwingli - they were executed - advocated non-violence - turn the other cheek - Zwingli was not like that
Thomas Müntzer
1489-1525
he was slightly younger than Luther, parish priest, did not think Luther was going far enough - catholics are corrupts and should be eradicated => rulers should destroy the catholic church
Battle of Frankenhausen - encourage peasants against princes - they lost
Diet of Speyer
1529
‘protest’ by princes against the emperor
After meeting with Luther, the Kaiser decided that this reliogious movement had political implication, though he outlawed Luther
But by this time, many important people agreed with Luther
Two most important protestant princes: Saxony, and Duke of Hesse (they were involved in American revolutionary war)
War between catholics and protestants started in 1546
1547 - it kinda seemed like protestants had lost, but Charles called on catholic princes to help him, but one of them was cousin of Duke of Saxony
Catholic Prince George of Saxony decides that emperor got too much power, and attacks him without warning
Interim
1547
he tried to impose such settlement, to froze everything, because some catholics were meeting in Italy
While he, as an emperor of germany, would temporary stop the reformation
Diet of Ausburg
1555
he negotiated peace with protestants, and it would keep peace in Germany for almost 70 years
It legitimized Lutheranism, both now considered to be official religions
“cuius regio, eius religio”
“if you live in the territory ruled by a protestant/catholic prince, they have right to declare which religion is legal or not”
Who are not included:
1. All other dissidents
2. Anabaptists
3. Followers of the new reformer John Calvin
Henry VIII
1491 – 28 January 1547
second king of the new Tudor dynasty; he fancied himself as equal to Holy Roman Empire or France, England back then was not a first rate power, but he tried
* Early English Protestants
Henry positioned himself as a defender of a catholic church
Supposedly wrote a tract in defense of the seven sacraments in latin (like all politicians do, except Abraham Lincoln. But he was a lawyer, educated guy.)
Pope gave him the title of defender of the faith
Catherina of Aragon
1485 – 7 January 1536
You really need a son to be remembered, though
Catherina of Aragon initially should have been wife of Henry’s brother Arthur, dude died, but Catherina was already here, Henry VII paid dowry, so instead he decided to marry her to Henry. You don’t have to be happy with your queen, you just have to make her pregnant, and then sleep with court ladies, make bastards.
Anne Boleyn
c. 1507 – 19 May 1536
Henry wants to marry her, but catholics can’t divorce
How do you divorce you wife if you are still a catholics? He asks Cardinal Wolsey, who came from a family of butchers. “Be my fixer, solve this matter for me”. Pope was Clement VII. Henry doesn’t have to divorce, which is not allowed, because his marriage to Catherina was never valid. It was never legal, marrying your brother’s wife.
Cardinal Wolsey
1473 -1530
“Be my fixer, solve this matter for me”. Pope was Clement VII. Henry doesn’t have to divorce, which is not allowed, because his marriage to Catherina was never valid. It was never legal, marrying your brother’s wife.
Clement VII
1478-1534, wanted to do the guy a favor, but Rome was under domination of Spain because of the victory of Charles V (nephew of Catherina, and ain’t gonna tolerate this humiliation). So the papacy refused.
Thomas More
1478 – 6 July 1535
zealous in stamping out protestant dissent. Anne Boleyn is protestant, to Luther, marriage is not a divine sacrament, protestants allow for divorce.
Act Of Supremacy
1534 Henry VIII proclaims him the supreme head of English church
So he could divorce
* The Anglican Church
And got all the monasteries for himself
Placard affair
1534
The French King wasn’t really concerned with protestants, they were here and there - until one day he woke up, went out of bed chamber, and found a sheet of paper nailed to his door denoncing the catholic practices - a protestant pampflet - Francis was furious - how does this get nailed to my bedroom chamber? what happened to my security?
Francis ordered a state-wide hunt on protestants - Calvin fled to Geneva - state for two years before being called to Strasburg as a french protestant minister to french refugees
1541
supporters of Calvin in Geneva came to power in Geneva and called him back
Calvin
“doctrine of predestination”
1509-1564
Life of Jean Calvin (1509-64)
* Born in Noyon, Picardy
* 1523-27, studies at the University of Paris
* 1528-33, studies of law at Orleans and Bourges
* 1532-33, religious conversion
* 1535, flight to Basel, Ferrara, and Geneva after the 1534 Placard against the
Mass in Paris
Calvin in Geneva: first sojourn, 1536-38
* Calvin in Strasbourg 1538-41: marriage, pastor for French Protestant
refugees
* 1541-42: Supporters of Calvin came to power in Geneva
* The Genevan Church Ordinance
* 1553: The tragedy of Michael Servetus
* Institutes of the Christian Religion: election, predestination, sanctification,
the invisible community of saints
Bloody Mary
1516 - 1558
However, by the time of Mary, there was a sensible community who were protestants - as well as many among nobility - during king, many people preferred to obey the king over religious convictions - under Mary, hundreds of protestants were burned at the stake as heretics. Because of this ultimately unsuccessful attempt to repress protestantism, she got nicknames
1559
she was successed by her half-sister Elizabeth - and Elizabeth was daughter of Anne Boleyn, who Mary hated - by Elizabeth was a survivor, her father killed her mother - then Mary became queen who also hated Elizabeth - Elizabeth survived by keeping low profile and not showing any strong religiuos convictions
Under Elizabeth, the England underwent the period of religious equivocation
But Elizabeth was not gonna tolerate any catholical challeges
Mary Queen of Scots had to seek refuge under Elizabeth as a Catholic
Elizabeth managed to keep political stability (1559-1603)
Francis I
(1494-1547)
Henry II
1519-1559
Francis I second son, the husband of the Catherine de Medici - finally, Medicis married into one of the most powerful houses of Europe) - but Henry died in the prime of his life - stupidly, during jousting
Francis II
(1559-1560) (not really like Francis I, he was really ill and died)
