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🔬 BIOSCI: Physiology and Anatomy > Exercise 5: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Exercise 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

two principal cell types of nervous tissues

A

neurons,neuroglia

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2
Q

tissues found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

nervous tissues

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3
Q

cells that have the ability to react to various stimuli

A

neurons or nerve cells

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4
Q

tissues that exhibit the properties of irritability and conductivity

A

nervous tissues

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5
Q

ability to react to various stimuli

A

irritability

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6
Q

ability to conduct impulses

A

conductivity

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7
Q

cells that receive and send information

A

neurons or nerve cells

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8
Q

number of nerve processes a single neuron may have

A

one or more

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9
Q

information that is transmitted by neurons

A

nerve impulses

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10
Q

unbranched, nerve process

A

axon

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11
Q

branched nerve process

A

dendrite

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12
Q

nerve process that transmits impulses away from the nerve cell body

A

axon

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13
Q

nerve process that transmits impulses towards the nerve cell body

A

dendrite

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14
Q

neuron with only one nerve process

A

monopolar neuron

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15
Q

neuron with two nerve processes, one axon and one dendrite

A

bipolar neuron

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16
Q

nerve process with one axon and two or more dendrites

A

multipolar neuron

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17
Q

cells that do not conduct impulses but serve as supporting tissues

A

neuroglia

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18
Q

cells that insulate, support and protect different neurons

A

neuroglia

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19
Q

tissue specialized for contraction

A

muscular tissue

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20
Q

highly vascularized and innervated tissues

A

muscular tissue

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21
Q

tissues with the propertiea of extensibility, elasticity, and contractility

A

muscular tissue

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22
Q

units of histological organization which are cells that have become elongated

A

fibers

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23
Q

fibers with the ability to contract or shorten producing movement

A

muscle fibers

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24
Q

three types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

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25
Q

muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary

A

skeletal muscle tissues

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26
Q

muscular tissues that form long cylindrical units with a multinucleated appearance

A

skeletal muscle tissues

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27
Q

the nuclei in skeletal muscle tissues are found

A

along the periphery of the long cylindrical units

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28
Q

muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary

A

cardiac muscle tissues

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29
Q

muscular tissues composed of smaller, branching cells and may be mononucleated or binucleated

A

cardiac muscle tissues

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30
Q

muscular tissues characterized by the presence of intercalated disks

A

cardiac muscle tissues

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31
Q

dark bands where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end

A

intercalated disks

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32
Q

intercalayed disks are made of

A

gap junctions

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33
Q

purpose of gap junctions within intercalated disks

A

facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell that results in rapid conduction of electrical impulse across the heart

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34
Q

muscular tissues that are non-striated and involuntary

A

smooth muscle tissues

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35
Q

made of spindle or fusiform-shaped cells

A

smooth muscle tissues

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36
Q

spindle fibers are also called

A

fusiform-shaped cells

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37
Q

muscular tissues found in the walls of hollow internal structures

A

smooth muscle tissues

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38
Q

muscular tissues that contracts much more slowly than other muscle types

A

smooth muscle tissues

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39
Q

most abundant primary tissue in the body

A

connective tissue

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40
Q

tissue for connecting and binding body parts together

A

connective tissue

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41
Q

tissue protecting the organs

A

connective tissue

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42
Q

tissues providing a framework for movement of muscles

A

connective tissue

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43
Q

tissues serving as insulators

A

connective tissue

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44
Q

tissues acting as a liquid medium for transporting substances throughout the body

A

connective tissue

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45
Q

tissues including the loose and dense connective, cartilage and blood

A

mature connective tissue

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46
Q

matrix of dense and loose connective tissues, bone and blood is made of

A

different connective tissue

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47
Q

extracellular matrix of loose connective tissues is made of

A

fibroblasts

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48
Q

extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is made of

A

chondroblasts

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49
Q

extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is maintaned by

A

chondrocytes

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50
Q

extracellular matrix of bone tissues is made of

A

osteoblasts

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51
Q

extracellular matrix of bone tissues is maintained by

A

osteocytes

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52
Q

extracellular matrix of blood tissues is made of

A

plasma

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53
Q

enables connective tissues to form packing materials around organs

A

extracellular matrix

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54
Q

enables connective tissues to bear weight

A

extracellular matrix

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55
Q

enables connective tissues to withstand abrasion and other abuses

A

extracellular matrix

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56
Q

enables connective tissues to absorb large amounts of water to serve as a reservoir in the body

A

extacellular matrix

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57
Q

most connective tissues are highly vascularized

A

true

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58
Q

tendons and ligaments have no blood supply

A

falsethey have bad supply of blood

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59
Q

cartilages are vascular

A

falseavascular

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60
Q

four types of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper,cartilages,blood/vascular,bone/osseous

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61
Q

types of loose connective tissues

A

areolar,reticular,adipose

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62
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular,dense irregular

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63
Q

connective tissue that functions as universal packing material that binds organs together and keeps them in their proper position

A

areolar connective tissue

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64
Q

most abundant type of connective tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

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65
Q

connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers in a semi-fluid ground substance

A

areolar connective tissue

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66
Q

means small open space

A

areola

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67
Q

when areolar connective tissues are viewed through a microscope

A

most of the matrix appears to be composed of small empty spaces

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68
Q

connective tissue that is predominantly composed of reticular fibers which are synthesized by reticular cells

A

reticular connective tissue

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69
Q

fibroblasts that synthesize more reticular fibers than collagenous fibers

A

reticular connective tissue

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70
Q

forms stroma in lymphoid organs

A

reticular connective tissue

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71
Q

forms the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin where it serves as an insulator, protecting the body from extreme heat and cold

A

adipose connective tissue

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72
Q

contains fibroblasts, ground substance, and adipose cells

A

adipose connective tissue

73
Q

characteristic of every adipose cell

A

signet ring-like appearance

74
Q

reason of every adipose cell’s apperance

A

fat that occupies most of the cytoplasm thus pushing the nucleus to one side of the cell

75
Q

adipose cells are also called

A

adipocytes

76
Q

group of adipocytes

A

adipose lobules

77
Q

separates adipose lobules

A

trabeculae

78
Q

trabeculae are composed of

A

collagenous and elastic fibers

79
Q

connective tissue made of extracellular matrix that is packed with collagenous fibers that are compactly arranged in an orderly mannet with fibroblasts squeezed in between collagenous bundles

A

dense regular connective tissue

80
Q

forms strong, rope-like structures

A

dense regular connective tissue

81
Q

includes tendons that attach muscles to bones and ligaments that connect one bone to another

A

dense regular connective tissue

82
Q

consists of densely packed collagenous fibers that are arranged in a disorderly or irregular manner

A

dense irregular connective tissue

83
Q

fibroblasts are found in between

A

collagenous bundles

84
Q

found in areas where pulling forces are exerted in different directions

A

dense irregular connective tissue

85
Q

dense, firm but pliable, avascular type of connective tissue with an extracellular matrix consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers

A

cartilage

86
Q

tissue responsible for its tensile strength and gelatinous ground substance

A

cartilage

87
Q

provides resiliency

A

gelatinous ground substance

88
Q

when chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance, they become trapped in lacunae and become

A

chondrocytes

89
Q

chondrocytes are nourished through

A

diffusion from underlying tissues

90
Q

predominant cartilage of the body

A

hyaline cartilage

91
Q

precursor of bones

A

hyaline cartilage

92
Q

has a glassy and homogenous appearance

A

hyaline cartilage

93
Q

collagenous fibers are predominant and not visible because

A

its fibers and matrix have same refractive index

94
Q

chondrocytes may appear singly or in isogenous groups of cells called

A

cell nests

95
Q

weakest cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

96
Q

surrounds hyaline cartilage

A

perichondrium

97
Q

composed of thread-like network of elastic fibers embedded within the matrix

A

elastic cartilage

98
Q

surrounds elastic cartilage

A

perichondrium

99
Q

cartilage that provides strength and elasticity

A

elastic cartilage

100
Q

cartilage that maintains the shape of structures

A

elastic cartilage

101
Q

only cartilage without perichondrium

A

fibrocartilage

102
Q

its collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a certain pattern

A

fibrocartilage

103
Q

pattern of fibrocartilage’s arrangement of collagenous bundles

A

fibrocartilage

104
Q

providedd strength and rigidity

A

fibrocartilage

105
Q

strongest type of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

106
Q

found in pubic simphysis

A

fibrocartilage

107
Q

forms a cushion-like disk in between vertebrae

A

fibrocartilage

108
Q

hardest of the connective tissues

A

bone or osseous tissue

109
Q

composed of bone cells

A

bone or osseous tissue

110
Q

bone cells are called

A

osteocytes

111
Q

osteocytes are lodged in cavities which are surrounded by a layer of very hard matrix

A

lacunae

112
Q

components of matrix that surrounds lacunae

A

calcium salts,collagenous fibers

113
Q

two types of bone tissue

A

spongy bone,compact bone

114
Q

unit of structure of bone tissue

A

Haversian system

115
Q

Haversian system is also called

A

osteon

116
Q

present in compact bone but are absent in spongy bone which contains large spaces

A

osteons

117
Q

extracellular matrix in bones is arranged as little beams called

A

trabeculae

118
Q

consists of blood cells, fibers, and matrix

A

blood or vascular tissue

119
Q

red blood cells are also called

A

erythrocytes

120
Q

white blood cells are also called

A

leukocytes

121
Q

contains hemoglobin

A

red blood cells

122
Q

forms oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin + oxygen

123
Q

white blood cells consist of

A

agranulocytes and granulocytes

124
Q

agranulocytes is composed of

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

125
Q

granulocytes consist of

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

126
Q

cells involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions

A

white blood cells

127
Q

fragments of giant cells

A

platelets

128
Q

giant cells whose fragments are platelets

A

megakaryocytes

129
Q

participate in blood clotting mechanism

A

platelets

130
Q

when precipitated as ____, soluble protein molecules of blood become evident as ____

A

fibrin clot; fibers

131
Q

liquid matrix that bathes the cells

A

plasma

132
Q

liquid portion of unclotted blood

A

plasma

133
Q

liquid part of clotted blood

A

serum

134
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

tissues

135
Q

four fundamental types of tissues

A

epithelial,connective,muscular,nervous

136
Q

lining, covering, and glandular tissues of the body

A

epithelial tissue

137
Q

tissues that exhibit cellularity

A

epithelial tissue

138
Q

tissue that perform protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion functions

A

epithelial tissue

139
Q

fit closely together to form compact cells arranged in continuous sheets

A

epithelial cells

140
Q

membranes of epithelial tissue consist of

A

apical surface

141
Q

free or unattached end

A

apical surface

142
Q

apical surface is exposed to either

A

body’s exterior, orcavity of an internal organ

143
Q

epithelial tissues are vascular

A

falseavascular

144
Q

through what process and from where do epithelial tissue get nourishment

A

diffusion; capillaries of underlying connective tissues

145
Q

types of epithelial cells

A

squamous,cuboidal,columnar,transitional

146
Q

types of epithelial layers

A

simple,stratified

147
Q

one layer of squamous cells

A

simple squamous epithelium

148
Q

cells fit closely together like floor tiles

A

simple squamous epithelium

149
Q

one layer of cuboidal cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

150
Q

made of single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

A

simple columnar epithelium

151
Q

goblet cells are present in this tissue

A

simple columnar epithelium

152
Q

secretes mucus for lubrication

A

goblet cells

153
Q

appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells, all of which touch the basement membrane although not all reach the apex

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

154
Q

most common of the stratified epithelia and consist of several layers

A

stratified squamous epithelium

155
Q

in stratified squamous epithelium, cells closed to the basement membrane tend to be

A

cuboidal or columnar

156
Q

in stratified squamous epithelium, cells in apical layer tend to be

A

squamous

157
Q

rare types of epithelia

A

stratified columnar epithelium,stratified cuboidal epithelium

158
Q

has two cell layers and the apical layer are cuboidal in shape

A

stratified columnar epithelium

159
Q

has basal cells varying in size and shape and columnar apical cells

A

stratified columnar epithelium

160
Q

highly modified, stratified type of epithelium

A

transitional epithelium

161
Q

when organ is not stretched

A

umbrella-shaped or dome-like cells

162
Q

when organ is distended or stretched

A

epithelium thins and cells become large squamous

163
Q

fills spaces between ducts, organs and nerves

A

areolar connective tissue

164
Q

motile, finger-like structure

A

cilia

165
Q

brush border

A

microvilli

166
Q

non-motile, shorter than cilia

A

microvilli

167
Q

non-motile, branched, increases surface area

A

sterocilia

168
Q

diffusion and filtration takes place

A

simple squamous

169
Q

secrets slippery fluid to reduce damage of friction in cavity linings

A

simple squamous

170
Q

carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, secretion

A

simple cuboidal

171
Q

contain organelles that perform complex functions

A

simple columnar

172
Q

unstretched state of transitional

A

stratified, cuboidal

173
Q

stretched state of transitional

A

squamous

174
Q

protects against abrasion

A

stratified squamous

175
Q

barrier against infection

A

simple squamous

176
Q

accomodates fluctuation in volume of the liquid

A

transitional

177
Q

covers end of bone

A

hyaline cartilage

178
Q

living cells and mineralized matrix

A

bone

179
Q

matrix of blood

A

plasma

🔬 BIOSCI: Physiology and Anatomy (16 decks)

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