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Question 1

What branches into the R common carotid & R subclavian artery?

Answer 1

Brachiocephalic trunk

Question 2

What arise independently from the aortic arch?

Answer 2

L subclavian & L common carotid

Question 3

These are direct branches from the subclavian arteries that course through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae?

Answer 3

Vertebral arteries

Question 4

What do the internal carotid arteries branch off of?

Answer 4

Common carotid arteries

Question 5

Where do the internal carotid arteries enter skull?

Answer 5

Through carotid canal(s) (carotid foramen (foramina))

Question 6

Where do the inferior carotid arteries go to?

Answer 6

Inferior anterior surface of brain

Question 7

This supplies the external skull as branches of maxillary & superficial temporal branches?

Answer 7

External Carotid arteries

Question 8

What supplies the eyeballs & parts of brain with blood?

Answer 8

Internal carotid arteries

Question 9

What is the Arterial circle of Willis?

Answer 9

Is an anastomosis;

connects posterior & anterior blood supplies to brain

interconnecting basilar artery w/ internal carotid arteries

Question 10

The external and internal jugular veins drain the head and neck into?

Answer 10

Superior vena cava

Question 11

The Dural venous sinuses empty into?

Answer 11

Internal jugular veins

Question 12

Which lymphatic duct drains the head and upper right extremity?

Answer 12

Right lymphatic duct

Question 13

Which lymphatic duct drains the majority of the bodies lymphatic fluid back to venous blood?

Answer 13

Thoracic duct

Question 14

What is the only moveable joint in the head?

Answer 14

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 15

What is between the mandibular fossa (temporal bone) & head of the mandible (condylar process of ramus of mandible)?

Answer 15

Articular disc

Question 16

What are the muscles of TMJ?

Answer 16

Temporal
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Question 17

What are the subdivision of the posterior triangle of neck?

Answer 17

Occipital triangle

Subclavian triangle

Question 18

How did the occipital triangle recieve its name, what is most important nerve crossing it & what are its borders?

Answer 18

1) occipital artery @ apex
2) accessory nerve
3) Anterior Border: Sternocleidomastoid
posterior border: Trapezius
inferior border: superior
surface of the belly of Omohyoid muscle

Question 19

How did the subclavian triangle recieve its name, what is it also known as & what are its borders?

Answer 19

1) contains subclavian artery
2) Supraclavicular triangle

3) Borders are:
belly of omohyoid
sternocleidomastoid &
clavicle

Question 20

What are the names of the anterior neck triangles?

Answer 20

Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle
Carotid triangle
muscular triangle

Question 21

what are the borders of the submental triangle?

Answer 21

Inferior: body of hyoid

Lateral: L/R bellies of digastric muscles

Floor: 2 mylohyoid muscles

Question 22

what does the submental triangle contain?

Answer 22

submental lymph nodes

Question 23

what are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

Answer 23

inferior border of mandible

anterior & posterior bellie of digastric muscles

Question 24

what does the submandibular triangle contain?

Answer 24

submandibular gland & facial artery/vein

Question 25

what are the borders of the Carotid triangle?

Answer 25

superior bellies of omohyoid posterior bellies of digastric & anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 26

what does the carotid triangle contain?

Answer 26

common carotid artery ascends w/in it (as well as internal & external carotids) internal jugular vein vagus nerve thyroid gland & larynx

Question 27

where does the common carotid divide into internal and external carotid arteries?

Answer 27

@ the level of the thyroid cartilage

Question 28

what are the borders of the muscular triangle?

Answer 28

superior belly of omohyoid anterior border of sternocleidomastoid median plane of neck

Question 29

what does the muscular triangle contain?

Answer 29

infrahyoid muscles viscera of neck, such as thyroid & parathyroid glands trachea larynx

Question 30

what are the transient nerves of the neck?

Answer 30

vagus & phrenic nerve

Question 31

What does the vagus nerve accompany on its way to thorax & what triangles can it be found in?

Answer 31

accompanies carotid artery & internal jugular vein found in carotid & submandibular triangles

Question 32

Where does the phrenic nerve pass on its way to innervate diaphragm?

Answer 32

along anterior scalene muscle

Question 33

How many regoins of the vertebral colum and what are they/# of vertebrae in each?

Answer 33

5 Regions; ``` Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5, fused) Coccyx (4, fused) ```

Question 34

how many normal curves of the vertebral column & what are they?

Answer 34

4; cervical & lumbar anteriorly convex thoracic & sacral anteriorly concave

Question 35

where are intervertebral discs located & what do they permit?

Answer 35

1) between adjacent vertebrae from 2nd cervical (axis) to sacrum 2) permit variou movement & absorb vertical shock

Question 36

what curves are primary & secondary?

Answer 36

primary: thoracic & sacral form during fetal development secondary: cervical (when infant raises head @ 4 months lumbar form when infant sits/begin to walk

Question 37

What is kyphosis?

Answer 37

(humpback) abnormal thoracic curve

Question 38

What is a lordosis?

Answer 38

(sway back) anterior rotation of pelvis @ hip joint producing abnormal lumbar curvature

Question 39

What is scoliosis?

Answer 39

(curved back) abnormal lateral curvature that accompanid by rotation of vertebrae

Question 40

What forms the spinal canal?

Answer 40

all vertebral foramina together

Question 41

What creates an intervertebral foramina?

Answer 41

2 vertebral notches (1 superior & 1 inferior)

Question 42

What is the 1st cervical vertebra known as/ what it does?

Answer 42

atlas, supports skull

Question 43

What is 2nd cervical vertebra known as/ what it does?

Answer 43

axis, permits side-to-side rotation of head

Question 44

What is the 7th cervical vertebra known as?

Answer 44

vertebra prominens, has a long spinous process

Question 45

what are the characteristics of C3-C6 vertebrae?

Answer 45

smaller bodies but larger spinal canals Transverse processes: shorter w/ transverse foramen for vertebral artey bifid spinous processes

Question 46

What are the 2 craniovertebral joints?

Answer 46

Alanto-occipital - between atlas & occipital bone Atlantoaxial- between atlas & axis

Question 47

What type of joints are the craniovertebral joints, range ove motion compared to other vertebrae & their articulations?

Answer 47

1) synovial joint 2) wide range compared to other vertebral joints 3) articulate w/ occipital condyles, atlas, & axis

Question 48

What does the "ring of bone" of atlas have?

Answer 48

superior facets for occipital condyles

Question 49

what process does the axis have?

Answer 49

Dens or odontoid process is the body of axis

Question 50

this is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament across central atlantoaxial joint trhough foramen magnum to central floor of cranial cavity

Answer 50

tectorial membrane

Question 51

What is a hangman's fracture & what are causes?

Answer 51

fracture of both pedicles of vertebra C2 forcible hyperextension of head

Question 52

Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

Answer 52

larger / stronger bodies longer transverse/ spinous processes Facets/ demifacets on body for head of rib Facets of transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib

Question 53

What are the largest / strongest vertebrae & how many are there?

Answer 53

Lumbar vertebrae; 5

Question 54

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics?

Answer 54

Strongest / largest short/ thick spinous / transverse processes for back musculature