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module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease > 4.2 biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

define biodiversity

A

variety of living organisms within a particular area

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2
Q

define species

A

a group of individuals that successfully interbred to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

define habitat

A

where organisms/ species live

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4
Q

what are the levels of biodiversity

A

habitat biodiversity
species
genetic

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5
Q

define habitat biodiversity

A

number of different habitats within an area

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6
Q

benefits of high habitat biodiversity

A

more species are supported

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7
Q

what is species biodiversity made up of

A

made up of species richness and evenness

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8
Q

define species biodiversity

A

the number of different species present in an ecosystem and the relative abundance of each species

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9
Q

define species richness

A

the number of different species living in a habitat

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10
Q

define species evenness

A

how evenly represented species are/ comparison of number of individuals of each species

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11
Q

define genetic biodiversity

A

variety of genes that make up a species/ individuals belonging to same species

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12
Q

how do you measure species biodiversity

A

Simpson’s index of diversity

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12
Q

what does a greater genetic biodiversity mean

A

better adaption to a change in the environment/ individuals resistant to disease

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13
Q

what does simpsons index of diversity take into account

A

species richness and evenness

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14
Q

equation of simpsons index of diversity and what value does it give

A

D= 1-(sum of (n/N)*2)
between 0-1

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15
Q

what does a high Simpsons index of diversity mean

A

high value = more diverse habitat that are stable and can withstand change

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16
Q

what does a low SIOD mean

A

habitat is dominated by a few species

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17
Q

define allele/ gene variant

A

version of a gene

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18
Q

define locus

A

position of gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

define polymorphic gene locus

A

locus that has more then two alleles

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20
Q

how do you calculate genetic biodiversity

A

% of polymorphic gene loci in a population

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21
Q

polymorphic gene locus equation

A

no. of polymorphic gene loci/ total no. of loci

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22
Q

what is random sampling

A

sites are randomly selected using a random no. generator and grid

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23
Q

advantages and disadvantages of random sampling

A

+not bias
- may not cover all areas
- species missed

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24
name the ways of non random sampling
opportunistic stratified systematic
25
what is opportunistic sampling
researcher chooses samples based on prior knowledge/ during the process of collecting data chooses sample areas known to have species
26
advantages and disadvantages of opportunistic sampling
+easier and quicker - biased and overestimate of area
27
what is stratified sampling
dividing habitat into areas which appear different
28
advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling
+ species not underestimated - over representation
29
what is systematic sampling
samples taken at fixed intervals using a transect
30
explain the two types of transects
line - samples taken directly on transect line belt - quadrat placed on transect line
31
advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling
+ useful when habitat shows clear gradient - only species on transect line recorded
32
preparations for sampling
suitable clothing and footwear apparatus keys to identify plants camera
33
when would random sampling not be used
if habitat is homogenous
34
methods for sampling plants
counting individually quadrat transect
35
methods for sampling animals
sweep netting pooter stout stick and white blanket pitfall trap tullgren tunnel light trap
36
explain mark and recapture
capture animals in set time count and mark them release recapture in same time count and use equation
37
equation for mark and recounter
pop. size = no. 1st sample x no. 2nd sample / no. marked in 2nd sample
38
measurements of abundance
density frequency % cover
39
how to find density
no. selected species in quadrat counted no. per square metre
40
how to find frequency
count no, of small squares species are present in
41
how to find % cover
estimate species in the quadrat
42
what do you consider when measuring biodiversity
species richness and evenness
43
What affects biodiversity
Human population growth Agriculture Climate change
44
explain how human population growth affects biodiversity
As population increases = demand for goods/ resources increases Over exploitation Urbanisation pollution waste produced Monoculture Herbicides/ pesticides Land use
45
What is over exploitation
Using resources faster than replacing due to growing demand
46
explain how agriculture affects biodiversity
Reduces hedgerows = loss of habitat, reduces genetic diversity Monoculture = one strain of a species , drains minerals/ nutrients from the soil and turns to dust
47
explain how climate change affects biodiversity
Places getting warmer and colder Species are unable to adapt to conditions Migration of populations Shift in biodiversity
48
State the reasons to maintain biodiversity
Ecological Economic Aesthetics
49
explain ecological reason to maintain biodiversity
Minimises disruption to food chain, pollinators, nutrient cycle Protects keystone species Genetic resource
50
Define keystone species
One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance
51
Give an example of a keystone species
Bees , wolfs
52
What is interdependence
Living organisms in a habitat depending on each other
53
Define niche
Match of a species to a specific environmental condition (habitat plus role)
54
Define endemic
Species is unique to a defined geographical location
55
Define conservation
Maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity
56
explain economic reasons to maintain biodiversity
Natural ecosystems help recycle nutrients crop pollination Regulate atmosphere/climate Purification/retention of fresh water Formation/fertilisation of soil Detoxification/ recycling of waste
57
explain aesthetic reasons of maintaining biodiversity
Protects soil from erosion and the landscape Tourism Inspiration for writers/ painters
58
Define conservation in situ
Carrying out active management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment
59
Name examples of in situ conservation
Wildlife reserves Marine conservation zones
60
what is a wildlife reserves in conservation
Areas designated to conservation of species or habitats
61
How are wildlife reserves used for conservation
Controls grazing Restricts human access Controls poaching Feeds animals Removes invasive species
62
What is a marine conservation zone
Areas of the sea set aside to conserve the diversity of species and habitats
63
How do marine conservation zones conserve
Protects habitats Creates areas of refuge so populations can grow eg. Coral and seaweed
64
What is a SSSI
Site of special scientific interest
65
Define conservation ex situ
Conservation outside the normal habitat of the species
66
Name methods of ex situ conservation
Botanic gardens Seed banks Captive breeding programme
67
Explain botanic gardens
Plant species are grown successfully with the right conditions and care (minerals, water, temp, C02) Increases the number of plant species
68
Explain seed banks
Collection of seed samples that are stored at right conditions (dry, -20) To stop plants germinating to keep them viable Provides backup if species go extinct
69
Explain captive breeding programmes
Offspring produced in human controlled environment Zoos/ aquatic centres Provides animals with shelter , food , no predators, vets, breeding partners/ semen
70
name the international conservation agreements
CITES - convention of international trade in endangered species CBD - convention of biological diversity
71
explain what CITES involves
international agreements between governments to ensure international trade in specimens of wildlife does not threaten their survival
72
explain what CBD involves
the sustainable development for use of biodiversity for peoples need for food, medicine, water, shelter, healthy environments etc.
73
name a local convention strategy
CSS - countryside stewardship schemes
74
explain CSS
providing financial incentives/ funding to farmers land owners to look after the local land using buffer strips, hedgerow management, soil protection, low input grassland

module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease (3 decks)

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