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module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease > 4.3 classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.3 classification and evolution Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

why do we classify living things

A

convenience
make study of living things more manageable
easier to identify organisms
help us see relationships between species

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2
Q

define classification

A

process of placing living things into groups

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3
Q

what are the 8 taxonomic levels of classification

A

domain
kindgom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

what are the three domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukaryotae

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5
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

plantae
animalia
fungi
protoctista
prokaryota

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6
Q

what is the species level

A

the basic level of classification

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7
Q

what is the binomial naming system

A

system that uses the genus name and the species name to name and prevent confusion

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8
Q

define species

A

group of organisms that can successfully interbred to produce fertile offspring

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9
Q

what is the phylogenic definition of a species

A

group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, and genetics

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10
Q

describe features of the prokaryotae kingdom

A

no membrane bound organelles
free living or parasitic
Unicellular
heterotrophic
autotrophic

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11
Q

describe features of the protoctista kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
membrane bound organisms
mostly free living
heterotrophic
cell wall sometimes present

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12
Q

describe features of the fungi kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
walls made of chitin
mostly free living or saprophytic (causes decay)
heterotrophic

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13
Q

describe features of the plantae kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
are multicellular
cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

decribe features of the animalia kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
can move around

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15
Q

define heterotrophic

A

cannot produce its own food/ relies on an organism

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16
Q

define autotrophic

A

build larger molecules/ get its own food

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17
Q

evidence for classification/ natural selection

A

comparative biochemistry
comparative anatomy
paleontology

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18
Q

describe how paleontology provides evidence

A

shows preserved dead plants/ animals
shows how species were different using fossil record

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19
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete

A

fossils destroyed
organisms decompose or are soft bodied
conditions for fossils are not present

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20
Q

describe how comparative anatomy provides evidence

A

organisms with homologous strucutres
can study the similarities and differences between organisms anatomy

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21
Q

what is homologous structure

A

same underlying structure even though they might appear different and have different function

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22
Q

describe how comparative biochemistry provides evidence

A

studying similarities and differences in proteins and other biological organisms
helps identify evolutionary relationships

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23
Q

what is cytochrome c

A

protein used in respiration

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24
Q

how can cytochrome c be used for evidence in classification

A

all respiring living organisms contain it
but it is not identical
amino acid chain can be identified and conclusions can be drawn about how closely related species are

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25
what conclusions can be made from the amino acid chain in cytochrome c in different species
sequences same = closely related bigger difference = less closely related
26
define phylogeny
the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
27
what are the two types of classification
artificial natural
28
describe artificial classification
grouping organisms based on a few characteristics does not reflect any evolutionary relationships, provides limited information, is stable
29
describe natural classification
grouping organisms using many characteristics reflects evolutionary relationships, provides lots of useful information but may change with advancing knowledge
30
what does common ancestor mean in relation of species
more recent the common ancestor the more closely related two species are
31
how does phylogeny use the 'common ancestor'
on the phylogenic tree we can see how recently the common ancestor appears to see how closely related species are
32
what is natural selection
individual that has advantageous characteristic which can help it to survive and reproduce
33
who was involved in the theory of evolution and natural selection
Darwin Wallace
34
what were darwins observations
offspring appear similar to their parents no two individuals are identical organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring populations tend to remain fairly stable in size
35
how does natural selection take place
mutation creates alternative version of a gene (allele) creates genetic variation between individuals in species (intraspecific variation) individuals with advantagous characteristic get selected by the envi. (selection pressure) survive and reproduce passes on the characteristics becomes more common in the species = adaption
36
what is a gene pool
combination of all the genes present in a species
37
what is an allele
version of a gene
38
what does phenotype mean
observable characteristics
39
what does genotype mean
genetic make up of an organism
40
define continuous variation
variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values inbetween
41
define discontinuous variation
where there are distinct categories and nothing inbetween
42
define environmental variation
variation caused by response to environmental factors
43
define genetic variation
variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles
44
define interspecific variation
The difference between species
45
define intraspecific variation
variation between members of the same species
46
define variation
the presence of variety/ difference between individuals
47
what are the causes of variation
genetic environment
48
gives examples of continuous variation in organisms
height weight leaf length etc
49
gives examples of discontinuous variation in organisms
tounge rolling finger prints blood group etc
50
what is continuous variation controlled by
gene and environment
51
what is discontinuous variation controlled by
genes
52
what is evolution
gradual process by which the diversity of living organisms have developed over millions of years
53
explain the difference between a pesticide and insecticide
chemicals designed to kill pests specifically targets insects
54
explain why pesticide resistance is dangerous to humans
insects with resistance to will survive and reroduce passing on charactistics resistance spreads causes pesticide to become present/ accumulate in food chain
55
explain the MRSA super bug
bacteria that has a wide range of resistance to drugspopulation is becoming rapidly resistant
56
explain how microorgansims become resistant
genetic variation caused by mutations least reisistant get killed population of resistant reproduce next generation contain higher proportion of resistant individuals
57
define adaption
a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat
58
what can a well adapted organism do
find food/water or photosynthesis well gather enough nutrients defend itself survive its environment conditions respond to changes in environment have sufficient energy to allow reproduction
59
name the three types of adaptions
anatomical behavioral physiological
60
what is anatomical adaption
anatomy/ structural features
61
what is behavioral adaption
the way an organism behaves in order to survive
62
what is physiological adaption
the processes/biochemistry inside organisms
63
what is convergent evolution
process where organisms not closely related evolve similar characteristics as a result of adaption to similar environments
64
Why do we use statistical tests
To determine whether a difference between two figures may or may not be significant
65
What is standard deviation
A measure of the spread around a mean
66
Explain what a low and high standard deviation means
Low SD = indicates data have a narrow range and points are close to the mean = greater reliability High SD = data points have a larger ranges and are less well grouped = lower reliability
67
What is the students t - test
Used to compare two means and whether the difference is significant and if we can reject of accept the null hypothesis
68
What is the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
Used to consider the relationships between two sets of data and whether they are correlated or not

module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease (3 decks)

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