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Biology > 4.2 Organisation > Flashcards

4.2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

They are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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4
Q

How are organs organised?

A

Organised into organ systems which work together to form organisms

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5
Q

What is a digestive system?

A

An example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food

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6
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Biological catalysts

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7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs that perform specific functions in the body

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8
Q

What are lipids ?

A

They are fats and oils

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9
Q

What are lipids made of ?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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10
Q

What do digestive enzymes convert food into?

A

Into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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11
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

Break down carbohydrates to simple sugars

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12
Q

What is amylase?

A

A carbohydrase which breaks down starch

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13
Q

What does protease break down?

A

Proteins into amino acids

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14
Q

What do lipases break down ?

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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15
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

The breakdown of molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions due to temperature or ph

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16
Q

Where is bile bile made and stored?

A

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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17
Q

What is bile?

A

An alkaline that neutralises stomach acid . Emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area of the. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase

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18
Q

What is the difference between a complex carbohydrates and simple sugar?

A

Simple sugars are carbohydrates that contain only one or two sugar units whereas complex carbohydrates contain long chains of simple sugars

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19
Q

Explain the lock and key theory?

A

The substrate is the key the active site is the the key hole and the enzyme is the lock the substrate fits into the active site forming a enzyme substrate complex and this fit allows the enzyme to help break down or build up the substrate, resulting in a product . Once the reaction is complete the product is released and ezy,enzyme can be used again

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20
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used or changed itself

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21
Q

What is an active site?

A

The site on an enzyme where the reactants bind

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22
Q

What is metabolism and how does it link to metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism . Different enzymes catalyse specific metabolic reactions

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23
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Build new carbohydrate lipids and proteins and some glucose is used in respiration

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24
Q

What test do u use for starch and what colour does it turn?

A

Iodine test for starch yellows red iodine solution turns Bluey black

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25
Where are amylase produced?
The salivary glands and pancreas
26
Where is protease produced?
Stomach small intestines and pancreas
27
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas stomach salivary glands
28
What test is used for sugars and what colour does it turn?
Benedict solution turns blue to brick red but must be left in heat
29
How does the digestive system work?
Food is chewed by the mouth the goes down the oesophagus which is then pushed down to the stomach which mixes the food with acids and enzymes to break down the food even more which then goes to small intestines which absorbs the nutrients then it goes to the large intestines where water is absorbed back into the body created poop which is then stored in the rectum and pushed out through the anus
30
What do digestive enzymes do?
Convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
31
What test is used to see if protein is present and what colour does it turn?
Biruet test and turns blue to purple
32
What is the heart?
An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system
33
What test is used if lipids are present and what colour does it turn?
Ethanol test turns cloudy white
34
35
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place
36
What does the left ventricle do ?
Pumps blood around the rest of the body
37
What is the aorta?
The artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body
38
What is the vena cave?
The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart
39
What is the pulmonary artery?
The large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
40
What is the pulmonary vein?
The large blood vessel that carries back to oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart
41
What is a coronary artery?
The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
42
What is the trachea?
Also known as the windpipe It's a tube that carries air from the nose and mouth down to the lungs
43
What is the bronchi?
the two main air tubes that branch off from the trachea and lead into the lungs
44
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
45
What are the capillaries?
The smallest blood vessels . They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick
46
What controls the natural resting heart rate?
A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pace maker
47
What are artificial pacemakers?
Electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate
48
What are the 3 different blood vessels in the body?
Arteries veins and capillaries
49
What is blood?
A tissue consisting of plasma in which the red blood cells white blood cells and platelets are suspended
50
What is a red blood cell?
Biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood
51
What are white blood cells?
Blood cells involved in the immune system of the body . They engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins
52
Whate are platelets?
Fragment of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood
53
What is plasma?
The clear yellow liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body
54
How are rbcs adapted to their functions?
They have biconcave discs giving them an increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion They are packed with haemoglobin that binds to oxygen No nucleas making more space for haemoglobin
55
What is haemoglobin?
The rec pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells
56
How are white blood cells adapted to their functions?
Much bigger Have a nucleus Irregular shape
57
How are platelets adapted for theirs function?
Contain protein that help them stick to damaged blood vessels
58
What is the double circulatory system?
The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
59
What are the advantages of treating cardiovascular disease by drugs?
Reduce the risk of heart attack - studies have shown a decrease in cholesterol in the blood; used to reduce high cholesterol levels that have genetic causes; may have beneficial effects on other conditions
60
What are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease with drugs?
Not suitable for people with liver disease; some side effects; must be taken for life; should not be taken if pregnant or breastfeeding
61
What are the advantages of using mechanical devices ( stents)?
Widen coronary arteries that have not responded to drug treatment; recovery time is short following insertion of the stent
62
What are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease with mechanical devices?
In a minority of cases, further treatment is required
63
What are the advantages of treating cardiovascular disease with transplants?
Few donor hearts are available; recovery time is long; risk of rejection by the body's immune system
64
What are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease with transplant
Improve quality of life
65
What is coronary heart disease?
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries resulting in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
66
What are stents used for?
To keep the coronary arteries open
67
What are statins used for ?
To reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposits
68
What happens is a faulty heart valve?
Preventing the valve from fully opening or the heart. Alive might develop a leak
69
What are the consequences of faulty heart valves?
less blood reaches the body, pressure builds up and the lungs can swell with fluid. close properly and allow blood to leak back through into the atrium.
70
What can faulty heart valve’s be replaced by?
Biological or mechanical valves
71
What are artificial hearts used for?
To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
72
What is health?
The state of physical and mental well being
73
What types of disease are main causes of ill health?
Communicable and non communicable
74
What are the other factors that may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health?
Diet stress life situations
75
What do defects in the immune system mean?
An individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
76
What is a trigger cause for cancer?
Viruses living in cells
77
What can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma?
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen
78
What is a pathogen?
Micro organisms that cause disease
79
What can severe physical ill health lead to?
Depression and other mental illnesses
80
What are the risk factors of disease?
Aspects of a persons lifestyle Substances in the persons body or environment
81
What are some casual mechanisms that have proven for some risk factors?
The effect of diet smoking and exercise Obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer The effect of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies Carcinogens including ionising radiation as risk factors in cancer
82
What are benign tumors?
Growth of abnormal cells which are contained in one area usually within a membrane and they do not invade other parts of the body
83
What are malignant tumour cells?
They are cancers and they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours
84
What are some lifestyle risk factor for various types of cancer .
Smoking obesity common viruses and uv exposure there are also genetic risks
85
What do plant tissues include?
Epidermal tissue Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Xylem and phloem Meristem found at the growing tips of shoots and roots
86
What is a leaf?
A plant organ
87
How does changing temperature affect the rate of transpiration ?
increases the rate of transpiration. This is because higher temperatures cause water molecules to evaporate faster, leading to a higher concentration of water vapor within the plant's leaves.
88
What is transpiration?
The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata
89
How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration? High humidity reduces the rate of transpiration.
High humidity reduces the rate of transpiration. This is because high humidity means there's already a lot of water vapor in the air, making it harder for water to evaporate from the plant's leaves into the air.
90
How does air movement affect the rate of transpiration?
generally increases the rate of transpiration in plants. This is because wind removes the saturated, humid air that builds up around the leaf surface, preventing water from accumulating and hindering further evaporation
91
How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
Increased light intensity generally leads to a higher rate of transpiration. This is because light stimulates the opening of stomata, the pores on leaves that allow for gas exchange, including the release of water vapor
92
What organs form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant?
Roots stem leaves
93
Describe the process of transpiration?
Water absorbed through roots evaporated through leaves and diffusion through stomata
94
Describe the process of translocation?
the movement of dissolved organic compounds, like sucrose and amino acids, from areas of production (sources) to areas where they are needed or stored (sink
95
What is the stomata?
Openings in the leaves of plants particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells allowing gases to enter the leaf
96
What are roles of the stomata and guard cells?
To control gas exchange and water loss
97
How can cell sap move from one phloem cell to the next?
Through pores in the end wall

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