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Biology > 4.3 Infection And Response > Flashcards

4.3 Infection And Response Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

How are diseases spread in plants and animals?

A

direct contact, contaminated environments, and vectors like insects or water

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2
Q

What are pathogens ?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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3
Q

What may be pathogens?

A

Viruses bacteria protists or fungi

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4
Q

Hiw can pathogens be spread in plants and animals?

A

Direct contact by water or by air

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5
Q

What might reproduce rapidly in the body?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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6
Q

What might bacteria produce that can make us ill?

A

Poison or toxins that damage the tissue

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7
Q

What does viruses living and reproducing inside cells cause?

A

Cell damage

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8
Q

What are measles ?

A

A viral disease

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever and red skin rash

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10
Q

How are measles spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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11
Q

Why are young children vaccinated against measles?

A

Measles is a serious illness and can be very fatal if complications arise

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12
Q

What do hi initially cause?

A

A flu like illness

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13
Q

What happens if hiv is not controlled with antiretroviral drugs?

A

The virus attacks the body’s immune cells

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14
Q

When do late stage hiv or aids occur?

A

When the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers

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15
Q

How is hiv spread ?

A

Sex exchof body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles

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16
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A widespread plant pathogens affecting many species of plants including tomatoes

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17
Q

Why does the tobacco mosaic virus affect the growth of the plant?

A

Due to lack of photosynthesis

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18
Q

How is salmonella food poisoning spread?

A

By bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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19
Q

Why are poultry vaccinated against salmonella?

A

To control the spread

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever abdominal cramps omitting and diarrhoea are caused by the toxins they secrete

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21
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

An std

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

A thick yellow or green dishcharge from the vagina or penisand pain on urinating

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23
Q

How was gonorrhea treated?

A

With the antibiotic pencilling until many resistant strains appeared

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24
Q

How I’d honnorrhoea spread?

A

Sex

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25
How can the spread be controlled?
By treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as condom
26
What is rose black spot?
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early
27
W
28
Why does rose black spots develop affect the growth of the plant?
Photosynthesis is reduced
29
How can rose black spots develop be spread?
By water or wind
30
How can rose black spots be treated ?
By using fungicide and removing and destroying the affected leaves
31
What are protists?
The pathogens that cause malaria
32
Wht does the malarial protist have in its life cycle?
Mosquitos
33
What does malaria cause?
Recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal
34
How is the spread of malaria controlled?
By preventing the vectors, mosquitoes from breeding and by using mosquitos nets to avoid being bitten
35
What is the skins defence mechanism against pathogens?
he skin provides a robust defense against pathogens through a combination of physical, chemical, and biological barriers. And oil and sebum
36
What is the noses defence mechanism against pathogens?
nasal hairs trapping particles and mucus trapping and eliminating pathogens. Cilia
37
What is the trachea and bronchi’s defence mechanism against pathogens ?
The trachea and bronchi have goblet cells that produce mucus that traps pathogens (physical barrier). They are also lined with ciliated cells that have tiny hairs called cilia
38
Wht is the stomachs defence mechanism against pathogens?
producing strong hydrochloric acid, which destroys many ingested microorganisms
39
What is the role of the immune system in the defence against disease ?
fight harmful substances and germs that enter the body,
40
How can white blood cells help to defend against pathogens ?
Phagocytosis antibody production and antitoxin production
41
What is a vaccine?
Dead or inactivepathogenic material used in the vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person
42
What do vaccines contain
Small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
43
What happens if the same pathogen reenters the body?
The white blood cells respond quickly toproduce the correct antibodies preventing infection
44
What do painkillers do?
Painkillers and other medication treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it
45
What do antibiotics do ?
Cure bacterial disease by killing the bacterial pathogens inside your body
46
It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by …
Specific antibiotics
47
What has the use os antibiotics reduced ?
Deaths from infectious bacteria disease
48
What can antibiotics not kill ?
Viral,pathogens
49
Why’s is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?
Because they can damage the body tissues
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Where were traditional drugs extracted from?
Micro organisms
52
Where does the heart drug come from?
Foxglove
53
Who discovered penicillin and from where?
Alexander Fleming from thevpenicillium mould
54
Who and where are most new drugs synthesised by?
Chemists in the the pharmaceutical industry
55
Where does the starting point come from for a drug?
Chemical extracted from a plant
56
What has to be done to new drugs to check that they are safe and effective?
Tested and trialled
57
What are new drugs extensively tested for ?
Toxicity efficacy and dose
58
Where and how is preclinical testing done?
In a lab using cells tissues and live animals
59
How do clinical trials work?
Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial If the drug is safe further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug
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What are double blind trials?
When some people are given placebos
62
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
From one single clone of cells
63
What are the antibodies specific to?
One binding site on one protein antigennandbso are able to target specific chemical or specific cells
64
How are antibodies produced?
By stimulating mouse lymphocytes which are then combined with a particular kind of tumor cell to make cell called a hybridoma . The hybridoma cell can both divide and make the antibody.single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody and then all the antibody is collected
65
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
For diagnosis such as pregnancy tests In labs to measure the levels of hormones and otherchemicals in blood or to detect pathogens In research to locate specific cells by binding to them with fluorescent dye To treat diseases
66
How can monoclonal antibodies work against cancer?
The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance a toxic drug or chemical which stops cells from growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body
67
Why aren’t monoclonal antibodies used as widely as expected?
They have many side effects
68
How can plant disease be detected?
Stunted growth Spots on leaves Areas of decay Growths malformed stems or leaves Discolouration The presence of pets
69
How can you identify the disease a plants has?
Gardening manual and websites taking plants to a lab to identify the pathogen using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
70
What ion deficiency can plants be damaged by?
Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency Chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency
71
What are nitrate and magnesium ions needed for?
Protein synthesis for growth and magnesium to make chlorophyll
72
What are the physical defence responses in plants?
Cellulose cell wall tough waxy cuticle on leaves layers of dead cell around stems
73
What are the chemical defence responses in plants?
Antibacterial chemical Poisons to deter herbivores
74
What are the mechanical adaptations in plants
Thorns and hairs deter animals leaves which droop or curl when touched mimicry to trick animals

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