4.2.2

Question 1

What are taxonomic groups?

Answer 1

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

What is another word for hierarchical classification systems?

Answer 2

Linnaean classification

Question 3

Why is classification used?

Answer 3

• Identify species
• predict characteristics
• find evolutionary links

Question 4

How organisms are classified?

Answer 4

They are first split into three domains:

• archaea
• bacteria
• eukarya

Question 5

What is the binomial nomenclature?

Answer 5

First word: organism genus

Second word: organism species

Question 6

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 6

Procaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 7

Describe prokaryotae

Answer 7

Unicellular
No membrane-bound organelles
No visible feeding mechanism

Question 8

Describe protoctista

Answer 8

Unicellular
Has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Some of sessile, some move
Nutrients are required in one of two ways:
-Photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)
-Ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic feeders)
Or both
Some are parasitic

Question 9

Describe fungi

Answer 9

Unicellular/multi cellular
Chicken cell wall
New mechanisms for locomotion
Body made of mycelium made of threads/hyphae
Nutrients acquired by absorption (saprophytic feeders)

Question 10

Describe plantae

Answer 10

Multi cellular
Sam can move using cilia/flagella
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)

Question 11

Describe Animalia

Answer 11

Multicellular
Move with cilia/flagella/contractile proteins/muscular organs
Nutrients acquired by indigestion (heterotrophic feeders)

Question 12

What’s the difference between the ribosomes in E, A, B? And how many proteins do each of these RNA polymerise have?

Answer 12

Eukarya: 80s, 12 proteins
Archaea: 70s, 8-10 proteins
Bacteria: 70s, 5 proteins

Question 13

What is phylogeny?

Answer 13

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 14

What is phylogenetics?

Answer 14

Study of evolutionary history,

Reveals which group a particular organism is related to and how closely

Question 15

What do you phylogenetic trees show?

Answer 15

evolutionary tree is used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 16

What are the three advantages of phylogenetic trees?

Answer 16

• doesn’t need reference to linnaean classification
• Continuous tree, unlike discrete taxonomical groups (scientists not forced to put organisms in groups they don’t fit)
• Hierarchical nature of Linnean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups in same rank are equivalent

Question 17

What is palaeontology?

Answer 17

Study of fossils and fossil record

Question 18

What is comparative anatomy?

Answer 18

Similarities and differences between organisms anatomy

Question 19

What is comparative biochemistry?

Answer 19

Similarities and differences between chemical make-up of organisms

Question 20

Why is it possible to know the fossil record?

Answer 20

Fossils preserved in rocks
Sediment is deposited (forming layers – strata – of rocks)
Different layers correspond to different geological eras

Question 21

What does the evidence from palaeontology tell you?

Answer 21

• Simple life involves (bacteria and simple algae in oldest rocks but more complex vertebrates in recent rocks)
• Sequence in which they are found match ecological links to each other
• can investigate extinct and living organisms

Question 22

Why are some fossil record is not complete?

Answer 22

• Some of softbodied (decompose before they can fossilise)
• some destroyed in earth movements
• some are undiscovered

Question 23

What is a homologous structures?

Answer 23

They appear to be superficially different but they have the same underlying structure
Provides evidence of divergent evolution (happens when closely related species diversify to adapt)

Question 24

How is comparative biochemistry done?

Answer 24

Proteins and other molecules that control life processes are studied
E.g. cytochrome and ribosomal RNA

Question 25

What is interspecific variation?

Answer 25

Between members of different species

Question 26

What is intraspecific variation?

Answer 26

Between organisms within a species

Question 27

What are the two main causes of variation?

Answer 27

Genetics and environment

Question 28

What are the five genetic causes of variation?

Answer 28

- Values - mutations - meiosis (IA., CO) - sexual reproduction - chance

Question 29

How does genetic variation happen in a sexual reproduction? Why?

Answer 29

Only due to mutation | Because asexual reproduction results in clones

Question 30

Which species is more affected by environmental variation and why?

Answer 30

Plants | Lack of ability

Question 31

What is discontinuous variation?

Answer 31

Characteristic that can only result in certain values | Pie/bar charts

Question 32

What is continuous variation?

Answer 32

Characteristic that can take any value within a range | Histogram

Question 33

What is standard deviation a measure of?

Answer 33

How spread out the data is | The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread

Question 34

What does the t-test do?

Answer 34

Compares the means of data values of two populations

Question 35

What does Spearman’s Rank do?

Answer 35

Considers the relationship between two sets of data

Question 36

What did the results of the Spearman’s Rank tell you?

Answer 36

+1:Perfect positive correlation - 1: perfect negative correlation 0: no correlation

Question 37

What are adaptations?

Answer 37

Characteristics that increase in organisms chance of survival and reproduction

Question 38

What are three types of adaptations?

Answer 38

- Anatomical (physical features) - behavioural (inherited all learnt) - physiological (processes that take place inside an organism)

Question 39

Give four types of anatomical adaptations

Answer 39

- Body covering - camouflage - teeth - mimicry (copying another animals appearance)

Question 40

How is marram grass adapted to live in an environment with a little water?

Answer 40

- Cold leaves - hairs on leaves - stigmata sunk into pits - thick waxy cuticle

Question 41

What are three types of behavioural adaptations?

Answer 41

- Survival (playing dead) - courtship (dancing) - seasonal (migration/hibernation)

Question 42

What are the two categories of behavioural adaptations?

Answer 42

- Innate: inherited through genes | - learned: from experience or observation

Question 43

What are physiological adaptations give 3 examples?

Answer 43

- Poison - antibiotic production - water holding (survival in deserts)

Question 44

What are analogous structures?

Answer 44

Adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

Question 45

When does convergent evolution take place?

Answer 45

When on related species begin to share similar traits due to similar environments or other selection pressures

Question 46

Give an example of convergent evolution

Answer 46

Marsupials (Australia) Placental mammals (America) Both have embryos that connects to the mothers circulatory system by placenta but marsupials start life in the uterus and leave it inside the marsupium while still embryos

Question 47

Give three other examples of convergent evolution

Answer 47

- Marsupial and placental mice - flying phalangers and flying squirrels - marsupial and placental moles