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Biology Module 4 > 4.2.2 > Flashcards

4.2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are taxonomic groups?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

What is another word for hierarchical classification systems?

A

Linnaean classification

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3
Q

Why is classification used?

A
  • Identify species
  • predict characteristics
  • find evolutionary links
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4
Q

How organisms are classified?

A

They are first split into three domains:

  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukarya
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5
Q

What is the binomial nomenclature?

A

First word: organism genus

Second word: organism species

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6
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Procaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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7
Q

Describe prokaryotae

A

Unicellular
No membrane-bound organelles
No visible feeding mechanism

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8
Q

Describe protoctista

A

Unicellular
Has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Some of sessile, some move
Nutrients are required in one of two ways:
-Photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)
-Ingestion of other organisms (heterotrophic feeders)
Or both
Some are parasitic

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9
Q

Describe fungi

A

Unicellular/multi cellular
Chicken cell wall
New mechanisms for locomotion
Body made of mycelium made of threads/hyphae
Nutrients acquired by absorption (saprophytic feeders)

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10
Q

Describe plantae

A

Multi cellular
Sam can move using cilia/flagella
Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders)

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11
Q

Describe Animalia

A

Multicellular
Move with cilia/flagella/contractile proteins/muscular organs
Nutrients acquired by indigestion (heterotrophic feeders)

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12
Q

What’s the difference between the ribosomes in E, A, B? And how many proteins do each of these RNA polymerise have?

A

Eukarya: 80s, 12 proteins
Archaea: 70s, 8-10 proteins
Bacteria: 70s, 5 proteins

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13
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

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14
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

Study of evolutionary history,

Reveals which group a particular organism is related to and how closely

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15
Q

What do you phylogenetic trees show?

A

evolutionary tree is used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms

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16
Q

What are the three advantages of phylogenetic trees?

A
  • doesn’t need reference to linnaean classification
  • Continuous tree, unlike discrete taxonomical groups (scientists not forced to put organisms in groups they don’t fit)
  • Hierarchical nature of Linnean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups in same rank are equivalent
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17
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

Study of fossils and fossil record

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18
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Similarities and differences between organisms anatomy

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19
Q

What is comparative biochemistry?

A

Similarities and differences between chemical make-up of organisms

20
Q

Why is it possible to know the fossil record?

A

Fossils preserved in rocks
Sediment is deposited (forming layers – strata – of rocks)
Different layers correspond to different geological eras

21
Q

What does the evidence from palaeontology tell you?

A
  • Simple life involves (bacteria and simple algae in oldest rocks but more complex vertebrates in recent rocks)
  • Sequence in which they are found match ecological links to each other
  • can investigate extinct and living organisms
22
Q

Why are some fossil record is not complete?

A
  • Some of softbodied (decompose before they can fossilise)
  • some destroyed in earth movements
  • some are undiscovered
23
Q

What is a homologous structures?

A

They appear to be superficially different but they have the same underlying structure
Provides evidence of divergent evolution (happens when closely related species diversify to adapt)

24
Q

How is comparative biochemistry done?

A

Proteins and other molecules that control life processes are studied
E.g. cytochrome and ribosomal RNA

25
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Between members of different species

26
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Between organisms within a species

27
Q

What are the two main causes of variation?

A

Genetics and environment

28
Q

What are the five genetic causes of variation?

A
  • Values
  • mutations
  • meiosis (IA., CO)
  • sexual reproduction
  • chance
29
Q

How does genetic variation happen in a sexual reproduction? Why?

A

Only due to mutation

Because asexual reproduction results in clones

30
Q

Which species is more affected by environmental variation and why?

A

Plants

Lack of ability

31
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Characteristic that can only result in certain values

Pie/bar charts

32
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Characteristic that can take any value within a range

Histogram

33
Q

What is standard deviation a measure of?

A

How spread out the data is

The greater the standard deviation, the greater the spread

34
Q

What does the t-test do?

A

Compares the means of data values of two populations

35
Q

What does Spearman’s Rank do?

A

Considers the relationship between two sets of data

36
Q

What did the results of the Spearman’s Rank tell you?

A

+1:Perfect positive correlation

  • 1: perfect negative correlation
    0: no correlation
37
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Characteristics that increase in organisms chance of survival and reproduction

38
Q

What are three types of adaptations?

A
  • Anatomical (physical features)
  • behavioural (inherited all learnt)
  • physiological (processes that take place inside an organism)
39
Q

Give four types of anatomical adaptations

A
  • Body covering
  • camouflage
  • teeth
  • mimicry (copying another animals appearance)
40
Q

How is marram grass adapted to live in an environment with a little water?

A
  • Cold leaves
  • hairs on leaves
  • stigmata sunk into pits
  • thick waxy cuticle
41
Q

What are three types of behavioural adaptations?

A
  • Survival (playing dead)
  • courtship (dancing)
  • seasonal (migration/hibernation)
42
Q

What are the two categories of behavioural adaptations?

A
  • Innate: inherited through genes

- learned: from experience or observation

43
Q

What are physiological adaptations give 3 examples?

A
  • Poison
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding (survival in deserts)
44
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

45
Q

When does convergent evolution take place?

A

When on related species begin to share similar traits due to similar environments or other selection pressures

46
Q

Give an example of convergent evolution

A

Marsupials (Australia)
Placental mammals (America)
Both have embryos that connects to the mothers circulatory system by placenta but marsupials start life in the uterus and leave it inside the marsupium while still embryos

47
Q

Give three other examples of convergent evolution

A
  • Marsupial and placental mice
  • flying phalangers and flying squirrels
  • marsupial and placental moles

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

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