4.2.2 Classification And Evolution

Question 1

Define Classification

Answer 1

process of sorting living organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

Question 2

Define taxonomy

Answer 2

the study of classification

Question 3

Define taxonomic group

Answer 3

th hierarchical groups of classification

Question 4

Define Phylogenetic

Answer 4

the evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 5

What are the 7 taxonomic groups, in order? (the first widely used system)

Answer 5

Kingdom, Phylum , Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 6

What is the mnemonic to remember the first classification system used

Answer 6

Katy Perry Came Over For Great Soda

Question 7

What is the taxonomic level that has been added above kindgdom?

Answer 7

Domain

Question 8

What are 3 reasons why scientists classify organisms?

Answer 8

1. • To identify species
2. • To predict characteristics
3. • To find evolutionary links

Question 9

Define Species

Answer 9

• The smallest most specific taxonomic group
• contains one type of organism which is able to produce fertile offspring

Question 10

Explain why horses and donkeys are separate species

Answer 10

• horse and donkeys breed they produce a mule - which is infertile
• mules are infertile bc they have an odd number of chromosomes - meiosis and gamete production doesnt take place correctly bc all chromosomes have to pair up
• can’t be same species as species must produce fertile offspring

Question 11

Why are mules not given a scientific name and are not a separate species?

Answer 11

• not a seperate species as they are incapable of producing fertile offspring bc odd number of chromosomes

Question 12

Define scientific name

Answer 12

the name given to organisms consisting of 2 parts

Question 13

Define binomial nomenclature

Answer 13

SYSTEM of scientific naming of a species made from latin names
- 2 parts - 1st genus - 2nd species

Question 14

What does the binomial naming system use to make names?

Answer 14

genus and then species

Question 15

Define generic name

Answer 15

the first word of the scientific name
- the genus

Question 16

Define specific name

Answer 16

the second word of the scientific name
- the species

Question 17

How do you write the scientific name of species?
typed?
handwritten?

Answer 17

typed - italics,
handwritten - underlined
- first letter of genus capital

Question 18

What is the value of the binomial nomenclature system to the scientific community?

Answer 18

• binomial is universal names
• common names vary from place to place
• no 2 species share the same name
• provides information about relationships between species

Question 19

What are the 5 kingdoms?
give examples of which organisms each contains.

Answer 19

• Prokaryotae - (bacteria)
• Protoctista - (unicellular eukaryotes)
• Fungi - (yeasts,mould,mushrooms)
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 20

What are the 5 kingdoms?
give examples of which organisms each contains.

Answer 20

• Prokaryotae - (bacteria)
• Protoctista - (unicellular eukaryotes)
• Fungi - (yeasts,mould,mushrooms)
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 21

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotae kingdom?

Answer 21

• unicellular
• no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• nutrition absorbed through wall/produced internally
• small ribosomes 70s
• cell wall - (murein)

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Protoctista kingdom?

Answer 22

• mainly unicellular
• sometimes cell wall
• eukaryotic
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• nutrition - photosynthesis/ingestion
• some have chloroplasts

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Fungi kingdom?

Answer 23

• unicellular/multicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• cell wall (chitin)
• nutrition absorbed - feed on decay (saprophytic)
• no photosynthesis (no chloroplasts)
• most store food as glycogen

Question 24

What are the characterstics of Plantae kingdom?

Answer 24

• multicellular
• nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• all have chlorophyll
• nutrients via photosynthesis (autotrophic)
• store food as starch

Question 25

What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?

Answer 25

* multicellular * nucleus and membrane bound organelles * no choloroplasts * nutrients by ingestion (heterotrophic) * food stored as glycogen

Question 26

Why is protoctista described as a dumping ground for species?

Answer 26

- because any eukaryotic organism that doesnt fit into fungi, plantae or animalia is classed as protoctista

Question 27

What are the 3 domains of life? and the 6 kingdoms that this system uses?

Answer 27

1. eukarya 2. archaea 3. bacteria * within bacteria the kindgom is: eubacteria * within archaea the kingdom is :archae-bacteria * within eukarya the kingdoms: are plantae,fungi, animalia

Question 28

What are the characteristics of the domain eukarya?

Answer 28

- eukaryotic * 80s ribosomes * ceullose/chitin cell wall if present * RNA polymerase (has 12 proteins)

Question 29

What are the characteristics of the domain archaea

Answer 29

* prokaryotic * 70s ribosomes * RNA polymerase (has 8-10 proteins)

Question 30

What are the characteristics of the domain bacteria?

Answer 30

* prokaryotic * 70s ribosomes * RNA polymerase (has 5 proteins) * peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 31

What is the evidence used to create the three domain system?

Answer 31

- rRNA analysis - sequences of nucelotides in ribosomal RNA (archaea and eukarya closely linked, bacteria separate) - cells membrane lipid structure - sensitivity to antibiotics - molecules in cell wall

Question 32

How are new explanations of phenomena (facts in question) are scrutinised by scientific community and could end up replacing earlier explanations?

Answer 32

1. write sceintific paper describing methods, data, hypothesis, conclusions 2. sumbit paper to scientific journal 3. paper is read by other scientists before it is published 4. paper critically evaluated by scientific community - lectures, conferences, publish on internet

Question 33

What occurs in the peer review process?

Answer 33

- check plagiarism - check data is acceptable and reliable - check conclusions are logical and valid - other sceintists try repeat experiments and test theories

Question 34

Define phylogeny

Answer 34

the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 35

What is a phylogenetic/evolutionary tree?

Answer 35

shows the different species that have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 36

How do you interpret a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 36

- base of tree = earliest species - tips of branches = most recent species

Question 37

What is the advantage of using phylogenetic trees as a form of classification and not taxonomic groupings?

Answer 37

- you can see evolutionary relationships and ancestors of species more clearly

Question 38

What are 3 different sources of evidence for evolution?

Answer 38

1. Palaeontology - (fossils) 2. Comparative anatomy - (organisms anatomy diff+similarities) 3. Comparative biochemistry - (organisms chemical makeup diff+similarities)

Question 39

How can the relative age of fossils be determined?

Answer 39

using the different layers (strata) in roks and comparing them

Question 40

How do fossils provide evidence for evolution?

Answer 40

fossils within layers are different - evidence of change over time

Question 41

How does comparative **anatomy ** provide evidence for evolution

Answer 41

comparative anatomy: - shows divergent evolution from homologous structures

Question 42

Define homologous structure and divergent evolution (comparative anatomy)

Answer 42

- homologous structure: a structure that appears superficially (outside) different (and may have different functions) in different organisms but has the same underlying structure (homologous structures provide evidence for divergent evolution) - divergent evolution: species diverge overtime into 2 different species, results in a new species becoming less like the og one

Question 43

What is comparative biochemistry?

Answer 43

the study of similarities and differences in the proteins and molecules that control life processes

Question 44

How does comparative biochemistry provide evidence for evolution?

Answer 44

* small changes in sequences of nucleotides in DNA/Aminoacids in proteins help identify evolutionary links

Question 45

Define variation

Answer 45

the differences in characteristics between organisms

Question 46

Define interspecific variation

Answer 46

variation between members of different species

Question 47

Define intraspecific variation

Answer 47

variation between members of the same species

Question 48

What are the 2 causes of variation

Answer 48

* genetic variation - caused by differences in genes inherited from parents * environmental variation - caused by different conditions in the environment

Question 49

What are 5 causes of genetic variation between individuals within a population?

Answer 49

1. alleles - (*different versions of a gene* that in different combinations code for different characteristics) 2. mutations - (changes to the DNA sequence which changes the proteins produced) 3. meiosis - (independant assortment and crossing over) 4. sexual reproduction - (inheriting a combination of alleles from each parent so individual produced differs from parent) 5. chance - (each gamete unique and chance as to which ovum fuses with which sperm)

Question 50

What are - 3 charaterstics that are solely genetically determined? - 3 that are solely environmentally determined? - 3 that are a combination of genetics and the environment?

Answer 50

1. blood group, eye colour, tongue rolling 2. scars, piercings, dyed hair 3. height, weight, skin colour

Question 51

How can twin studies help identify the relative influence of genetics and the environment on characteristics?

Answer 51

* identical twins - have same genetics so all variation would be due to environment * non - identical twins - raised in similar environemnts so variation largely due to genetics

Question 52

Define continuous variation

Answer 52

- a characteristic that can take any value within a range e.g. height, mass

Question 53

Define discontinuous variation

Answer 53

- a characteristic that can only result in certain values e.g. sex, blood groups

Question 54

What are the causes of variation that result in discontinuous variation?

Answer 54

- genetic e.g. bloof type normally by single gene

Question 55

Define polygenic and multifactorial

Answer 55

- polygenic: controlled by multiple different genes - multifactorial: involving or dependant on many factors

Question 56

What are the causes of variation that result in continuous variation?

Answer 56

- tends to be environmental or a combination of many environmental and genetic factors

Question 57

What are 4 characteristics of a normal distribution curve/graph?

Answer 57

1. mean/mode/median are the same 2. distribution has bell shape 3. 50% of values are less than the mean and 50% greater 4. most values lie close to the mean value

Question 58

What is standard deviation?

Answer 58

- tells you how spread out the data is

Question 59

greater the standard deviation...

Answer 59

= the greater the spread of data

Question 60

What does 9 ± 3 in standard deviation mean?

Answer 60

- the mean is 9 - the standard deviation is 3 - so most values are spread out between 6 and 12

Question 61

What are the meanings of the symbols in the standard deviation equation?

Answer 61

∑= sum of *x* = value measures x with line ontop = mean *n* = total number of values in sample

Question 62

Define adaptation

Answer 62

characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

Question 63

What are the 3 types of adaptation?

Answer 63

1. anatomical adaptations 2. behavioural adaptations 3. physiological adaptations

Question 64

Define anatomical adaptation (give 4 examples)

Answer 64

physical features (internal and external) * body covering (scales/hair/shell/feathers) * camouflage * teeth (shape and type) * mimicry (copying other animals appearance/sounds * curled/rolled leaves minimise water loss

Question 65

Define behavioural adaptations (give 4 examples)

Answer 65

the way an organism acts (inherited or learnt) * survival behaviours (playing dead) * courtship dances * seasonal behaviours (migration+hibernation)

Question 66

Define physiological adaptations (give 4 examples)

Answer 66

metablolic/processes that take place inside an organism * poison production * antibiotic production (response to infection) * water holding (in body)

Question 67

Define analogous structures Define convergent evolution

Answer 67

- **analogous structures**: structures that have adapted to perform the same functions but have different genetic/evolutionary origins - **convergent evolution**: when unrelated species share similar features that perform the same function but have different genetic/evolutionary origin

Question 68

Why might organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar features?

Answer 68

- same/similar niche or lifestyle so same needs

Question 69

What are 4 examples of convergent evolution

Answer 69

1. placental mole and marsupial mole 2. marsupial and placental mouse 3. flying squirrel and flying phalangers 4. wolf and tasmanian wolf

Question 70

Compare the features of the marsupial mole and placental mole

Answer 70

placental mole: - burrows through soft dark soil - dark brown for camouflage marsupial mole: - burrows through soft sandy soil - pale yellow for camouflage both: - eat worms and grubs - streamlined body shape - forelimbs adapted for digging - velvety fur for smooth movement through soil

Question 71

How can convergent evolution make true evolutionary relationship discovery difficult? how can this be overcome?

Answer 71

- usually, more similarities mean more closely related so more common recent ancestor - through convergent evolution similarities arise bc of similar habits and selection pressures not common ancestors - overcome: look at genetics/characteristics that are selectively neutral e.g. (DNA sections without function)

Question 72

Define evolution

Answer 72

the change in allele freuquency within a gene pool overtime

Question 73

Define natural selection

Answer 73

the process by which an allele that provides a selective advantage becomes more common in a population over time

Question 74

Define allele frequency

Answer 74

the proportion of the copies of a gene in a gene pool that are of a particular type

Question 75

Define gene pool

Answer 75

all the alleles of all the genes in a population

Question 76

Define selection pressure

Answer 76

- factors that affect the organisms chances of survival/reproductive success

Question 77

Define selectively neutral allele

Answer 77

- a variety of a gene that doesn't provide a selective advantage or disadvantage to the organism

Question 78

Define advantageous allele

Answer 78

- a variety of a gene that provides a selective advantage to the organism

Question 79

Define advantageous characteristic

Answer 79

- one form of a part of an organisms phenotype that provides it with a selective advantage

Question 80

What are the steps in the process of adaptations evolving by natural selection?

Answer 80

1. individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes 2. selection pressures (environmental factors e.g. disease/competition/predation) create struggle for survival 3. individuals with better adaptations more likely to survive and have reproductive success - can reproduce and pass of advantageous adaptations to offspring 4. overtime proportion of population with advantageous adaptations increases 5. over generations this = evolution as favourable adaptations become more common in the population

Question 81

How has natural selection resulted in change in frequency of dark and pale moths in populations of peppered moth near industrial towns and cities overtime?

Answer 81

- selection pressure is being eaten by birds - before industrial revolution more light moths - during industrial revolution trees got darker from pollution - dark coloured moths can camouflage and better adapted to this environment so can reproduce and pass alleles for dark colouring to offspring - dark moths increase and alleles for dark colour more common in population - since clear air act reduced pollution levels, bark lighter coloured so pale allele in moth gene pool increased

Question 82

What are the characteristics that are likely to allow a population to evolve to tolerate a change in environment and the characteristics that are likely to cause a population to go extinct due to a change in environment? ????

Answer 82

* **evolve to tolerate change** - larger population size = more genetic variation in population - higher reproduction rate - ability to pass plasmids from 1 individuals to another -

Question 83

How has human activity resulted in evolution in populations of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the Sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina, and the bacterium Flavobacterium.

Answer 83

staphylococcus aureous: Change in environment in use of antibiotic Eventually species is resistant Sheep blowfly: Change in environment is introduction of pesticide Eventually species resistant Flavobacterium: Change in environment is nylon present in waste water from factories The selection pressure is this nylon which is a new protein source Eventually species adapted to novel food source as all individuals produce nylonase