- Found in all environments (‘standard bacteria’) - Chemically different form archaea

4.2.2 Classification And Evolution Flashcards by Freija Guntripp

What is the definition of classification?

The organisation of living things into groups according to their similarities

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What is the definition of a phylogenetic hierachy?

Organisms are placed into groups based on increasing similarities

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What is the order of the phylogenetic hierachy?

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What are the three domains?

Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotes

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What is meant by ‘phylum’?

All the groups in a phylum have the same body plan e.g. Invertebrates

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What is meant by orders?

Smaller groups within different classes e.g. Carnivora in Mammals

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What is a genus?

A group of closely related animals e.g. Canis (Canines)

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What is the definition of a species?

Where animals can breed successfully to produce fertile offspring

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What are the features of a protocista?

Predominantly unicellular
A nucleus as well as membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts

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What are the features of Plantae?

Multicellular
Have nuclei
Contain chlorophyll
Autotrophic feeders
Store food as starch

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What are the features of prokaryotae?

Unicellular
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
No visible feeding mechanism

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What are the features of fungi (kingdom)?

Unicellular or multicellular
Nuclei and other membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts or chlorophyll

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What are the features of archaebacteria?

Extremophiles
Different RNA
Membranes are different

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What are eubacteria?

Found in all environments (‘standard bacteria’)
Chemically different form archaea

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Why do scientists classify organisms?

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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What is the difference between fertile and viable offspring?

Viable means it survives fertile means it can produce offspring itself

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What is the definition of phylogeny?

Name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms

What does a node mean on a phylogenic tree?

Where species evolved apart from a common ancestor
The closer to the node a species the more closely related they are

What is the definition of a common ancestor?

Species that all modern day species are descended from

What are the two causes of variation?

genetics
environmental

What is discrete variation?

Variation controlled by only a single gene (or very few)
Tend to be certain variants
e.g. blood group

What is continuous variation?

Whenever there is a range of any value
Shows as a normal distribution pattern
Usually controlled by multiple genes and influenced by environment

What are the genetic causes of variation?

Alleles- Dominant and recessive from each parent
Mutations- Change in genetic code
- Meiosis- Mix of different alleles
Sexual reproduction- Inherit genes from both parents
Chance- Chance of each gamete fertilising

What are the environmental causes variation?

Conditions- e.g. lack of nutrients can effect growth
Injury/disease can damage tissues

What are the fossil records?

- Fossilised evidence of different points in the evolutionary tree of extinct and living animals

What are the problems with the fossil record?

- Soft bodied organisms may decompose too quickly - Certain conditions are needed - May get destroyed by earths movements - May lie undiscovered

What are the key points in the evolution of the theory of evolution?

Late 1700s came an interest in selective breeding 1798- Human populations always increase more quickly than the food supply Early 1800’s- That fossils in older rocks are simpler than in newer rocks George Cuvier produced fossil evidence for essentialism 1809 Lamarck- that species changed over time (a. Couldn’t give time frame and b. Thought changes occurred during life could be passed on) 1859 Darwin and Natural Selection 1900- Mendel and his peas

How does comparative anatomy provide evidence for evolution?

Homology in structure show evolution from a common ancestor then adapted for survival

How does evolutionary embryology provide evidence for evolution?

Embryos are all similar in early stages of fertilisation and some features are often lost. Indicates all vertebrates developed that way

How does comparative biochemistry provide evidence for evolution?

Able to study similarities and differences in proteins such as DNA to show evolutionary links

What are neutral mutations?

Mutations that occur outside functional regions of DNA

What is the definition of an adaptation?

A characteristic that enhances survival

What is divergent evolution?

Where two species have evolved from a common ancestor

What is convergent evolution?

When two entirely separate species evolve to have the same features based on their surroundings

What is the definition of standard deviation?

A measure of how spread out the data is

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution?

- Mean,mode, median are the same - Bell shaped distribution - Symmetrical about the Mean - Numbers of individuals at extremes are low

What does an rs value of +1 mean?

Perfect positive correlation

What were Darwins observations?

- Offspring are similar to parents - No two organisms are identical - Organisms can produce a large number of offspring’s - Populations remain stable

What were Darwins conclusions?

- Selection pressure- struggle to survive - Better adapted individuals survive better and pass on their genes -Over time a number of changes give rise to a new species

What is the definition of selection pressure?

Factors that affects an organisms survival