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Biology > 5.2.2 Respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

Why is ATP used in respiration?

A
  • Small molecules
  • Solubble
  • Easily rephosphorylated
  • Immediate energy source
  • Released in small quantities
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3
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A
  • Addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
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4
Q

What type of reaction is phosphorylation?

A

Condensation-reaction which requires lots of energy

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose broken often into 2x3c Pyruvate
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7
Q

What happens in stage 1 phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is turned into Hexose bisphosphate
  • 2ATP become 2ADP + Pi
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8
Q

What happens in stage 2:lysis of glycolysis?

A
  • Hexose biphosphate becomes 2x Triose phosphate
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9
Q

What happens in stage 3: phosphorylation and stage 4: dehydrogenation and substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A
  • Pi is added forming Triose bisphosphate
  • 2 ADP + Pi -> 2ATP
  • NADox -> NADred
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10
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  • Synthesis of ATP by transfer of a phosphate group from another molecule
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11
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A
  • In the matrix of the mitochondria
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12
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • Space inside the mitochondrial membrane- Contains enzymes for Krebs cycle and link reaction
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13
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate enters mitochondria in exchange for OH-
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14
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per molecule of glucose?

A
  • 2x Acetyl COA
  • 2x NADred
    -2x CO2
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15
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • Pyruvate decarboxylase
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16
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A
  • Mitochondrial matrix
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17
Q

What occurs during the Krebs cycle?

A
  • Acetyl COA is oxidised to oxaloacetate,yielding CO2
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18
Q

Why does the Krebs cycle need to be in the presence of oxygen despite not needing it directly?

A
  • E- transport chain will not function
  • Hydrogen carriers cannot offload Hydrogen
  • Causes Kreb cycle to stop
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19
Q

What is the yield of the Krebs cycle per turn of the cycle?

A
  • 2 Molecules CO2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADred
  • 1 FAD red
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20
Q

Where is most of the energy stored in the Krebs cycle?

A

In Hydrogen carriers such as NADox

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21
Q

What does Acetyl COA first turn into in the Krebs cycle?

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A

A 6C compound called citrate and CO2

22
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle cyclical?

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A

Because the products feed into the reactants

23
Q

What type of molecule are NAD and FAD besides Hydrogen carriers?

24
Q

What is the process of ADP + Pi -> ATP called?

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A

Substrate level phosphorylation (NOT JUST PHOSPHORYLATION)

25
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Inner mitochondrial membranes
26
What does oxidative phosphorylation require?
- Oxygen
27
What is the sequence of events in the Electron Transport Chain?
1. NADred and FADred delivered to electron transport chain 2. H atoms split into H+ and e- 3. Energy released as e- pass along chain 4. Energy used to create a proton gradient between mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space
28
What is chemiosmosis?
The diffusion of H+ ions from intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix
29
Where does chemiosmosis occur in the electron transport chain?
- Via ion channels associated with ATP synthase
30
What is ATP synthase and why are its features good for the use in the electron transport chain?
- Two subunits - Polypeptide with three binding sites- 1x to bring Pi,1x to bind Pi, 1x to release ATP - Contains proton pores for H+ to flow through
31
How is water formed in relation to the electron transport chain?
Electrons and protons from the transport chain reacts with oxygen present to form H2O which creates an proton gradient so chemiosmosis can occur
32
What is the overall yield of ATP from respiration?
- 10 NADred = 30 ATP - 2 FADred= 4 ATP - 4 ATP from substrate level phosphorylation Estimated yield= 38
33
Why is the estimated yield of ATP higher than the actual yield?
- Active transport into mitochondrial matrix of Pyruvate (uses ATP) - Movement of H+ does not use all of the energy as some is released as heat - NAD for active transport - H+ ions leak back through membrane into matrix
34
Why does FAD carry less ATP than NAD?
FAD joins the electron transport chain later than NAD
35
What properties of the mitochondrial inner membrane allow chemiosmosis to occur?
- ATP Synthase so H= can flow through proton pores - Impermeable to H+ ions - Large surface area
36
What are two quantative changes in the intermembrane space due to oxidative phosphorylation?
- Greater positive charge of space - Lower ph
37
What is the final electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen
38
What is anaerobic respiration?
The release of energy in the absence of oxygen Glycolysis used to produce ATP
39
Where does anaerobic respiration occur in mammals?
IN muscle tissue
40
What happens in anaerobic respiration in muscles?
Triose phosphate is turned into Pyruvate via an intermediate compound which forms 2x ATP and 1x NADred Pyruvate is then dehydrogenised by lactate dehydrogenase forming Lactate, releasing energy
41
What occurs in anaerobic respiration in yeast?
- Glycolysis occurs as usual - Pyruvate decarboxylated to ethanal - Ethanal acts as H acceptor forming ethanol
42
What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
1x CO2 1x NADred which is oxidised again 2x ATP
43
What are the two enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration of yeast?
- Pyruvate decarboxylase - Ethanol dehydrogenase
44
What are some alternative respiratory substrates rather than glucose?
- Glycogen- Broken down into glucose - Triglycerides - Fatty acids - AMino acids - LActate - Ketone bodies
45
What is the definition of respiratory substrates?
- An organic substance that can be used for respiration
46
What cells can only respire glucose?
- Red blood cells - Brain cells
47
What occurs during starvation?
- Proteins hydrolysed into amino acids then respired - Some amino acids converted into Pyruvate - SOme amino acids enter Krebs cycle directly -
48
How do proteins differ from glucose in terms of respiration?
More hydrogen atoms - Releases slightly more energy
49
How are triglycerides used in respiration?
- Hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol Glycerol is then converted to glucose in the liver (glucoseneogenesis) - Fatty acids a=have long H chains so good source of ATP
50
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