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A-Level Biology > 4.2.2 Classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2 Classification and evolution Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

order of taxonomic groups

A 
domain/kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus 
species
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2
Q

why classify organisms

A

identify species
predict characteristics (members of same group highly likely to have same characteristics)
find evolutionary ancestor links

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3
Q

classification definition

A

process of placing living things into groups

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4
Q

binomial nomenclature definition

A

system that uses genus and species names to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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5
Q

species definition

A

group where all members can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
are essentially the same genetically but may show some variations

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6
Q

how organisms classified

A

based on features (anatomy) and evolutionary relationships
larger taxonomic groups to smaller taxonomic groups
different organisms in smaller taxonomic groups share more of same characteristics

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7
Q

why binomial nomenclature is used

A

organisms may have multiple common name
different names in different languages
directly states information about relationships between organisms

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8
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae 
Animalia
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9
Q

Prokaryotae kingdom general features

A

unicellular
no membrane-bound organelles
no nucleus
have looped DNA not arranged in chromosome
DNA not bound to histone proteins (naked)
smaller ribosomes (70S)
free-living or parasitic

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10
Q

Protoctista kingdom general features

A

eukaryotic
mostly single-celled (some algae multicellular)
show various plant-like or animal-like features
mostly free-living
autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition

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11
Q

autotrophic definition

A

absorb nutrients and build them into larger organic molecules

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12
Q

heterotrophic definition

A

digest larger organic molecules to form smaller organic molecules for absorption

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13
Q

saprophytic definition

A

digest organic molecules outside of organism then absorbs it

cause decay of organic matter

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14
Q

Fungi kingdom general features

A 
eukaryotic 
single-celled (yeasts) or have mycelium consisting of hyphae
walls made of chitin
multinucleate cytoplasm
mostly free-living 
saprophytic
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15
Q

Plantae kingdom general features

A 
eukaryotic
multicellular
cells surrounded by cellulose cell wall
autotrophic 
contain chlorophyll
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16
Q

Animalia kingdom general features

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
usually able to move around

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17
Q

recent changes to classification systems

A

before just based on observable features
study of genetics and other biological molecules (DNA, haemoglobin, cytochrome C)
can study evolutionary relationships between organisms to classify organisms

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18
Q

differences between archaea and bacteria

A

different cell membrane structure
different internal structure of flagella
different enzyme for synthesising RNA
no proteins bound to genetic material (Archaeae do)
different mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA

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19
Q

archaea and eukaryotes similarities

A

similar enzymes and mechanisms for synthesising RNA
similar mechanisms for DNA replication replication
production of some proteins that bind to DNA

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20
Q

artificial classification definition

A

based on only few characteristics
doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relationships
provides limited information
stable

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21
Q

natural classification definition

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A

uses many characteristics
reflects evolutionary relationships
provides lots of information
may change with advancing knowledge

22
Q

phylogeny definition

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A

study of evolutionary relationships between species

23
Q

natural selection method

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A

variation (organisms of species have different adaptations to each other due to mutation)
better adapted individuals can compete better, survive sudden changes in to environment (selection pressure)
more likely to pass on their advantageous characteristics to next generation by reproduction

24
Q

evidence for evolution

Study These Flashcards
A

new species and fossils of old species look similar (new species better adaptations)
compare structure of biological molecules e.g. DNA, cytochrome C, amino acid sequence of proteins (if one species gave rise to another, biological molecules likely to be similar, more similar = more closely related)

25
continuous variation definition
variation where two extremes and a full range of values in between use histogram
26
discontinuous variation definition
where there are distinct categories and nothing in between | use bar chart
27
environmental variation definition
variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity
28
genetic variation definition
variation caused by possessing different combinations of alleles
29
intraspecific variation definition
variation between members of same species
30
interspecific variation definition
differences between species
31
variation definition
presence of variety | differences between individuals
32
combined effects definition
both environmental and genetic variation affect certain characteristics e.g. height, weight
33
adaptation definition
characteristic that enhances survival in habitat
34
anatomical adaptation definition
structural features modified to enhance survival
35
behavioural adaptation definition
ways behaviours is modified for survival
36
physiological adaptation definition
modified the way biochemical processes work in the organism
37
convergent evolution definition
when 2 separate, unrelated species evolve to have similar characteristics
38
standard deviation formula
s = square root of: sum(x-mean)^2 / (n - 1)
39
standard deviation use
measure of variation (amount of variation from mean) low = data more closely grouped = greater reliability of data high = data more spread apart = less reliability
40
Student’s t-test use
compares two means | test whether difference between 2 means is statistically significant
41
Student’s t-test
t = (mean1 - mean2) / (square root of (s1^2/n) + (s2^2/n))
42
how to use Student’s t-test
find Student’s t-test value work out degrees of freedom (sample size - number of data sets) compare to value of t at 5% significance level t-test < t at 5% = not statistically significant = accept null hypothesis t-test > t at 5% = statistically significant = reject null hypothesis
43
null hypothesis example
there is no statistically significant difference between factor 1 and factor 2
44
correlation coefficient / Spearman rank correlation use
shows whether 2 sets of data are correlated or not
45
Spearman rank formula
rs = 1 - (6 times sum of difference between ranks squared) / no. of pairs of values(no. of pairs of values squared - 1)
46
factors for natural selection of advantageous characteristics
genetic variation selection pressure reproductive success
47
pesticide resistance method
pesticide acts as strong selection pressure insects with no resistance will die insects with some resistance more likely to survive and reproduce to pass on resistance characteristic higher proportion of population have resistance
48
problems with pesticide resistance
predators eat insects with larger dose of pesticide pesticide can move up the food chain to humans, potentially dangerous (don’t break down in ecosystem) pests become harder to control more destruction of crops, higher cost for farmers
49
antibiotic resistance method
presence of antibiotic = selection pressure non-resistant bacteria die resistant bacteria live longer and more likely to survive can reproduce and pass on resistant characteristics so higher proportion of population are resistant
50
causes and impact of antibiotic resistance
overuse of antibiotics incorrect use of antibiotics (not completely finishing course as patient already feels better) causes strains of antibacterial resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA)
51
Darwin observations and conclusions
offspring look similar to parents generally - characteristics passed down to next generation no two individuals identical - genetic variation present organisms have ability to produce lots of offspring - struggle to survive, better adapted individuals more likely to survive population sizes in nature tend to remain fairly stable - struggle to survive, better adapted individuals more likely to survive
52
term for evolution of a new species
speciation

A-Level Biology (24 decks)

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