4.2.3 Danger Signs Flashcards
ist the danger signs in pulmonary disease and for each: discuss the pathophysiology, determine the significance of danger signs and the causes. Appraise your history and physical examination to formulate a differential diagnosis in a patient presenting danger signs. List the demographics and risk factors contributing to respiratory diseases resulting in danger signs. Select and interpret special investigations to conclude the cause of the danger signs.
1
Q
List the danger signs in pulmonary disease. (4)
A
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Hoarse voice
- Clubbing
2
Q
Discuss the pathophysiology of weightless.
A
- Increased metabolic demand
Cancer cells, including those in lung tumors, often have an increased metabolic rate. - Cachexia
Systemic inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic dysregulation lead to loss of skeletal muscle
and fat. - Loss of appetite (Anorexia)Secondary to Cytokine release and systemic inflammation
- Dysregulated Energy homeostasis
Disruption of normal regulation of energy balance secondary to changes in the levels of hormones involved in appetite regulation, such as leptin and ghrelin, can contribute to reduced food intake.
3
Q
Approach to Determining significance:
A
-Percentage of Body Weight loss
A weight loss of more than 5% of body weight over a period of 6 to 12 months is often considered clinically significant.
Greater than 10% weight loss is typically considered severe.
- Rate of weight loss:
The rate at which weight loss occurs is important. Rapid or unintentional weight loss, especially if it occurs within a short period, may raise concerns.
For example, losing 5% of body weight in a month is generally considered significant.
- Baseline weight and body mass index (BMI)
Comparing current weight to baseline weight or BMI provides context for the degree of weight loss.
Individuals with a low baseline BMI who experience even modest weight loss may be at risk for nutritional
deficiencies.
