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GEOL > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Solar System was created ___ Bn years A.B.B

A

12

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2
Q

Solar System is ___ Bn years old

A

4-5

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3
Q

Terrestrial Planets

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

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4
Q

Gas Giants

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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5
Q

Collision Hypothesis (Buffon)

A

Sun starts w/ no planets. Planets formed from star-star collision

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6
Q

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant)

A

Contraction of gas in nebula –> solids

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7
Q

Nebular Hypothesis (Maxwell Camp; Jeans)

A

Condensed dust particles (but gravity not strong enough)

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8
Q

Collisional Hypothesis (Chamberlain & Moulton)

A

Near mass of other star ripped matter out of sun

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9
Q

Modern opinion on planet formation

A

Formed from rings of matter around sun

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10
Q

Heavy elements came from ______

A

Supernovas

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11
Q

Temperature gradient

A

Gradient in gas cloud around sun –> pushed light elements out

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12
Q

Jupiter formed at position where ___________

A

S.S. cool enough for gases to condense

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13
Q

Planets formed by “_____”

A

accretion

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14
Q

Angular momentum of S.S.

A

In planets

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15
Q

Chondrites

A

Type of meteorite with chondrules, formed by accretion

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16
Q

Earth is not spherical, it is a “___”

A

Geoid

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17
Q

Types of heating of planetary bodies

A
  1. Impact heating
  2. Compression heating
  3. Radioactive heating from decay
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18
Q

The “Iron Catastrophe”

A

Iron moves to core –> friction –> more heat

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19
Q

The “General Model” of Earth formation

A
  1. Accretion of heavy core material
  2. Earth melts
  3. Volatiles added to crust from meteors
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20
Q

Creator of “Continental Drift”

A

Alfred Wegener

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21
Q

Continental Drift

A

Continents all came from supercontinent

- Backed by evidence (fossils)

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22
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Shapes of conts fit together

A

T

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23
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Fossil record

A

T

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24
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Earthquakes

A

F

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25
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Rock types

A

T

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26
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Polarity of earth

A

F

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27
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Ancient glaciers

A

T

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28
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Past mountain belts

A

T

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29
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Star mapping

A

F

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30
Q

Wegener’s Tests (T/F): Drift rate

A

T

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31
Q

Mantle Convection (Otto Ampferer)

A

Mantle is hot, soft. Moves over millions of years in cycles

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32
Q

Harry Hess

A

Navy captain during WWII conducted “bathymetry”

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33
Q

Bathymetry

A

Taking magnetic measurements of ocean floor

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34
Q

Bathymetry proved:

A

Polar shifts

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35
Q

Divergent boundary

A

Creates new ocean floor

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36
Q

Convergent boundary

A

Overlapping of ocean floor

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37
Q

Transform boundary

A

Plates slide past each other

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38
Q

Curie Temperature

A

Temperature for which the magnetic field is “frozen” - becomes permanent for that rock

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39
Q

______/______ measure of latitude

A

Inclination/Declination of compass needle

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40
Q

Seafloor Spreading

A

Ridges result from mantle convection (Hess)

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41
Q

Oceans are made of _______

A

basalt

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42
Q

Continents are made of _______

A

granite

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43
Q

Lithosphere

A

“Stiff plates” (includes upper mantle)

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44
Q

Athenosphere

A

Soft convecting mantle

45
Q

Median Valley

A

Valley formed by faults at ridge

46
Q

Convergent features:

A

Trench, mountain range, volcano (trench-arc systems)

47
Q

Three types of plate boundaries

A

Convergent, divergent, transform

48
Q

Transform faults

A
  • Where ridges are offset
49
Q

_____ earthquakes at transform boundaries

A

Shallow

50
Q

_____ earthquakes at convergent boundaries

A

Both shallow and deep

51
Q

_____ earthquakes at divergent boundaries

A

Shallow

52
Q

Ocean vs continental plate

A

Ocean subducts

53
Q

Ocean vs ocean

A

Older crust subducts

54
Q

Continent vs continent

A

Thickening: Mountain range

55
Q

Hot Spot

A

Hot position fixed to mantle (crust moves over)

56
Q

Examples of Hot Spots

A

Hawaii, Galapagos

57
Q

Triple junction

A

Meeting of three plates at corners of plates

58
Q

Transform fault found in ___

A

ocean

59
Q

Strike/strip fault found in ___

A

continent

60
Q

Mineral

A

Solid naturally occurring substance

61
Q

Crystal

A

Can be man made

62
Q

Diagnostic properties of crystals

A
  • Hardness
  • Density
  • Cleavage
  • Streak
  • Luster
63
Q

Silicates make up ___% of mantle

A

100

64
Q

Silicates make up ___% of crust

A

90

65
Q

Carbonates make up ___% of crust

A

10

66
Q

Inventor of periodic table

A

Mendeleev

67
Q

Most common silicate

A

Olivine

68
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecule made of many sub units

69
Q

Sheet silicates

A

tetrahedra-octahedra-tetrahedra sandwich

70
Q

______ are easy to peel

A

Sheet silicates

71
Q

Framework silicates

A

tetrahedra linked at four corners

72
Q

Example of framework silicates

A

Quartz, Feldspar

73
Q

Example of sheet silicates

A

Muscovite

74
Q

Igneous rock

A

Once molten rock

75
Q

Extrusive igneous rock

A

Fast cooling rocks from volc

76
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Slow cooling rocks at depth, produces larger crystals

77
Q

Fine grained metamorphic rocks formed at ___ T

A

Lower

78
Q

Coarse grained metamorphic rocks formed at ___ T

A

Higher

79
Q

Shield volcanoes form mostly ____

A

over hotspots

80
Q

Shield volcanoes are mostly made of ____

A

basalt

81
Q

Pahoehoe Lava

A

Smooth, curvy, ropey

82
Q

Aa Lava

A

Pointy, sharp

83
Q

Cinder cone volcanoes mostly made of ___

A

High silicone magmas

84
Q

____ volcanoes are smaller

A

Cinder cone

85
Q

____ volc are the most dangerous

A

Stratovolcanoes

86
Q

Stratovolcanoes made mostly of

A

Framework silicates (traps gas –> explosive)

87
Q

Examples of strat volcs

A

Mount St Helens, Krakatoa

88
Q

Kimberlites are a source of ____

A

diamonds

89
Q

____ volcanoes are the most explosive

A

Kimberlite

90
Q

Glass is formed by _____

A

Quick cooling

91
Q

Gabbro

A

Intruded basalt

92
Q

Pillow basalt

A

Submarine basalt eruptions

93
Q

Dike

A

Vertical

94
Q

Sill

A

Horizontal

95
Q

Batholith

A

Igneous rock that never surfaced

96
Q

Andesites

A

Formed by subduction, likely with H2O

97
Q

Peridodite

A

Found in upper mantle

98
Q

Quartz elemental comp

A

SiO2

99
Q

Olivine elemental comp

A

Mg/FeSiO4

100
Q

Pyroxine Cleavage Angle(s)

A

90

101
Q

Pyroxine Structure

A

Single chain

102
Q

Amphibole Structure

A

Double chain

103
Q

Amphibole Cleavage Angle(s)

A

120, 60

104
Q

Peridodite made of

A

Olivine & Pyroxine

105
Q

Peridodite (intrusive/extrusive)

A

intrusive

106
Q

Andesite (intrusive/extrusive)

A

extrusive

107
Q

Granite minerals

A

Quartz, Feldspar, Amphibole

108
Q

Andesite minerals

A

Plagioclase & Pyroxene

109
Q

Basalt minerals

A

Pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine

GEOL (3 decks)

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