Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOL > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Differential Stress

A
  1. Compressional 2. Tensional 3. Shear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Reversible change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ductile Deformation

A

Irreversible change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fracture

A

Breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Yield strength / elastic limit

A

Stress at which deformation becomes permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the bonding b/w O and Si in the Si-O tetrahedral in Quartz?

A

Covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ductile substance

A

changes shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rocks are easier to melt when __

A

wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ductile deformation also known as:

A

folding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metamorphic rock that has begun to melt?

A

Migmatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Folding happens at:

A
  1. Subduction zones 2. Collision zones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brittle Deformation also known as

A

Faulting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Creep

A

Stress released continuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Faulting - wall that stays above

A

Footwall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Faulting - wall that sinks

A

Hanging wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of Faulting

A
  1. Normal 2. Reverse/Thrust 3. Strike-slip/Transform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regional Extension

A

Type of faulting with Horsts and Grabens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Horst

A

Footwall in regional extension (above)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Graben

A

Rift valley in regional extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Normal faulting happens due to

A

Stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reverse/Thrust faulting happens due to

A

Compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thrust faulting

A

Shallow angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reverse faulting

A

Steep angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal faulting happens at:

A

Divergent boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Reverse/thrust happens at:

A

Convergent boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

“Stick slip” motion

A

Locked faulting builds pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Liquifaction happens in ________

A

Siliciclastic areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Focus of earthquake

A

Where fault ruptures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Epicenter

A

Point directly above focus (on surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

P-Wave

A

Primary wave (Pressure waves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

S-Wave

A

Shear wave (Secondary waves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Surface waves are the _______ to arrive and cause the ____ damage

A

Last to arrive. Most

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ waves are analogous to sound waves

A

P-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Need ___ seismic readings to find epicenter

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Richter scale

A

Logarithmic: 1-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cratons

A

Stable interiors that have not collided w/ other plates for past 1 B years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ororgenic belts aka

A

Mountain belts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fans aka

A

Clastic wedges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Indian plate movement

A

15cm / yr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

New Madrid Fault

A

Ancient fault system, altered Mississippi river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Himalayas have _______ despite continental collision setting

A

Deep quakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Obduction

A

Slivers of oceanic sediments get uplifted during subduction –> Ophiolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Subduction evidence?

A

Andesite, intruded batholiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Young oceanic crust

A
  • hot - high - thin - buoyant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Old oceanic crust

A
  • cold - low - thick - not buoyant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cause of Appalachians

A

Collision of Gondwana and Laurussia = PANGEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Appalachians stay high b/c _____

A

have deep root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Names of Indian ocean fans

A

Bengal, Nicobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

William “Strata” Smith

A
  • Land surveyor - Noticed earth layering - Made first geological maps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

First Geologists

A

James Hutton & Charles Lyell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Principles of Geology (Hutton & Lyell)

A
  • Strata originally horizontal - Principles of superposition - Cross cutting relations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Principle of Superpositiion

A

Young-top, Old-bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cross Cutting Relations

A

Rock that cuts across another is younger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Uncomformity

A

Erosional surface where part of rock record is missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Angular uncomformity

A

Tilted sediment, covered by flat sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Granite Formation b/w

A

Archean & Proterozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Granite formation happened ____ BYA

A

2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Earliest life ___ BYA

A

3.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Cambrian explosion b/w

A

Proterozoic & Paleozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Cambrian explosion happened ____ MYA

A

542

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

First mass extinction b/w

A

Paleozoic & Mesozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

1st mass extinction happened ____ MYA

A

250

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

____% of species extinct in first mass extinction

A

90-96

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

2nd Mass Extinction happened b/w

A

Mesozoic & Cenozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

2nd Mass Extinction happened ____ MYA

A

66

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Cambrian Explosion top critters

A
  • Trilobytes - Brachiopods - Cephalopods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Top predator during Cambrian explosion (Paleozoic)

A

Cephalopods

68
Q

Eurypterids develop during

A

Ordovician Period

69
Q

Vertebrates develop (bony fish) during

A

Silurian Period

70
Q

1st Arthropods develop during

A

Silurian Period

71
Q

“Age of fishes”

A

Devonian period

72
Q

First reptiles during

A

Carboniferous period

73
Q

Development of jaws in fish / sharks

A

Devonian period

74
Q

Vertebrates come onto land (amphibians) during

A

Devonian period

75
Q

1st plants (tiny twigs) during

A

Silurian period

76
Q

Forests develop by end of

A

Devonian period

77
Q

Rotting vegetation during

A

Carboniferous period

78
Q

First mammalian ancestor develops during

A

Permian period

79
Q

Copious coal deposits during

A

Carboniferous period

80
Q

First mass extinction at end of

A

Permian period

81
Q

End of Paleozoic during ____ period

A

Permian

82
Q

First air breathing terrestrial vertebrates during

A

Carboniferous

83
Q

Trilobites die during

A

First mass extinction

84
Q

Mesozoic era starts with ____ period

A

Triassic

85
Q

Lots of forests (cycads) during

A

Jurassic period

86
Q

Huge crocodiles during

A

Cretaceous period

87
Q

First birds during

A

Triassic period

88
Q

First dinosaurs during

A

Triassic period

89
Q

First cycads (related to pine trees) during

A

Triassic period

90
Q

First mammals during

A

Triassic period

91
Q

Flowering flora during

A

Cretaceous period

92
Q

T-Rex during

A

Cretaceous period

93
Q

Dinosaur diversity during

A

Jurassic Period

94
Q

No flowering plants during

A

Jurassic period

95
Q

Order of periods in Paleozoic

A
  • Cambrian - Ordovician - Silurian - Devonian - Carboniferous - Permian
96
Q

Order of periods in Mesozoic

A
  • Triassic - Jurassic - Cretaceous
97
Q

Climax of dinosaurs during

A

Cretaceous periods

98
Q

Cephalopods get big during

A

Cretaceous period

99
Q

Basalt formed in ___ boundaries

A

Divergent

100
Q

Granite formed in ___ boundaries

A

Convergent

101
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

High temp, Low pressure

102
Q

Regional metamorphism

A

High temp, High pressure

103
Q

Blueschist

A

Medium temp, high pressure

104
Q

Contact metamorphism occurs at ____

A

mid oceanic ridges

105
Q

Blueschist metamorphism occurs at ____

A

cold subducting oceanic plate

106
Q

Regional metamorphism occurs at ____

A

Cont-cont collisions

107
Q

Weathering consists of

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
108
Q

What causes cracking?

A

Stress release

109
Q

Joints

A

Cracks in large rock bodies in ground

110
Q

_____ move the most rocks

A

Glaciers

111
Q

Most abrasion in weathering comes from ____

A

moving water

112
Q

How to dissolve ionic bonds?

A

Water

113
Q

How to dissolve covalent bonds?

A

Carbonic acid

114
Q

Mineral weathering (fastest to slowest)

A
  • Olivine
  • Pyroxene
  • Amphibole
  • Biotite
  • K-Feldspar
  • Muscovite
  • Quartz
115
Q

Modes of Sedimentary origin

A
  • Clastic/detrital
  • Biochemical/Chemical
  • Chemical/Evaporitic
116
Q

Sliciclastic Sed Rocks (Coarse—>Fine)

A
  • Conglomerate
  • Sandstone
  • Siltstone
  • Mudstone
117
Q

Sandstone has a lot of ____

A

quartz

118
Q

Siltstone has ___ and ___

A

clay, quartz

119
Q

Mudstone is ______

A

completely clay

120
Q

Burial and Diagenesis

A
  1. Mech. compaction
  2. Chem rxn w/ fluids
  3. Cementation of grains
121
Q

Diagenesis

A

Change from one sed. rock to another sed. rock

122
Q

Major producers of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

A

Coralline Red Algae

123
Q

Calcium Carbonate chemical formula

A

CaCO3

124
Q

Major minerals in reefs and carbonates

A
  • Calcite
  • Aragonites
125
Q

Huge amounts of ____ on sea floor

A

Calcium Carbonate

126
Q

Live near surface, die –> form sediment

A

Coccoliths

Foram’

127
Q

Coccolith

A

Skeleton of plankton

128
Q

Foram’

A

Zooplankton eating other plankton

129
Q

Chemical Sediments aka

A

Evaporites

130
Q

Precipitation depends on

A
  1. Concentration of ions
  2. Solubility
  3. Amount of evaporation
131
Q

Sabka

A

Salt flat at edge of ocean

132
Q

Restricted basin

A

Basin with restricted entry (ie Mediterranean basin)

133
Q

_______ needed for ____ salt deposits

A

Constant refilling of basin, thick

134
Q

Facie

A

Property of rock that will hint formation

135
Q

______ is found in quiet water

A

Mudstone

136
Q

_____ is found in rapid water

A

Conglomerates

137
Q

Good indicator of current speed?

A

Grain size

138
Q

Facie at shallow depth

A

Sands

139
Q

Facie at intermediate depth

A

Silts

140
Q

Facie at deep depths

A

Limestone

141
Q

Silt facie composed of

A

Shales, mudstones

142
Q

Major processes of weathering

A

Dissolution

Mechanical breaking

143
Q

Dissolution

A

Pulling ions out

144
Q

Mechanical breaking

A

Cracking, abrasion

145
Q

Karst topography

A

Results from: Carbonate weathering

146
Q

Sink holes aka

A

Collapsed caves

147
Q
A
148
Q

Diagenesis of SANDSTONE

A

Quartzite

149
Q

Diagenesis of LIMESTONE

A

Marble

150
Q

Diagenesis of GRANITE

A

Gneiss

151
Q

Diagenesis of BASALT

A

Greenstones

152
Q

Diagenesis of SLATE

A

Phyllite, Schist

153
Q

Differential Stress

A

Force acting on rock

154
Q

Foliation

A

Layering of metamorphic rocks

155
Q

Phyllite (shiny/not shiny)

A

Shiny slate

156
Q

Slate (shiny/not shiny)

A

Not shiny

157
Q

Porphyroblasts

A

Mineral formed as a result of metamorphism

158
Q

Minerals appearing ___ in grade are more ____ than those at ____

A
  • early
  • durable
  • end
159
Q

_____ & _____ weather quickly

A

Amphibole, Pyroxene

160
Q

_____ facies occur in contact metamorphic zones

A

Hornfels Facies

161
Q

Grain distribution in contact metamorphism

A

Uniform

162
Q

Greenschist facies appear in ________

A

Regional metamorphism

163
Q

Greenschist facies have more _______

A

banded foliation

164
Q

Dynamic Metamorphism found along ________

A

fault zones

165
Q

Dynamic metamorphism caused by _____ from ______

A

Heat from friction

166
Q
A

GEOL (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions