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Emergency Medical Technician book > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

abdomen

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

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2
Q

abduction

A

Motion of a limb away from the midline

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3
Q

acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

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4
Q

Adam’s apple

A

The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women.

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5
Q

adduction

A

Motion of a limb toward the midline

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6
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

adrenergic

A

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response). The term also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine, that is the adrenergic receptors.

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9
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

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10
Q

agonal gasps

A

Slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in dying patients

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11
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause constriction of blood vessels

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12
Q

alveoli

A

The air sacs of the lung in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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13
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid

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14
Q

anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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15
Q

anterior

A

The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position

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16
Q

aorta

A

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

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17
Q

apex (plural apices)

A

The pointed extremity of a conical structure

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18
Q

apneustic center

A

Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate

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19
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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20
Q

appendix

A

A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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21
Q

arterioles

A

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

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22
Q

atrium

A

One of the two upper chambers of the heart

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

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24
Q

axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

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25
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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26
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

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27
Q

biceps

A

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

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28
Q

bilateral

A

In anatomy, a body part that appears on both sides of the midline

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29
Q

bile ducts

A

The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine

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30
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

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31
Q

brachial artery

A

The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm

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32
Q

brain

A

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement

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33
Q

brain stem

A

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

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34
Q

capillary vessels

A

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

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35
Q

cardiac muscle

A

The heart muscle

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36
Q

carotid artery

A

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

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37
Q

cartilage

A

The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

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38
Q

cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

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39
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

cerebellum

A

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the “little brain”; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

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41
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the mininges

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42
Q

cerebrum

A

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the “gray matter”; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

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43
Q

cervical spine

A

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

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44
Q

chordae tendineae

A

Thin brands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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45
Q

chyme

A

The name of the substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.

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46
Q

circulatory system

A

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

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47
Q

clavicle

A

The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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48
Q

coccyx

A

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone

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49
Q

coronal plane

A

An imaginary plane where the body is cut into front and back parts

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50
Q

cranium

A

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain.

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51
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

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52
Q

cricothyroid membrane

A

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

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53
Q

dead space

A

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

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54
Q

deep

A

Further inside the body and away from the skin

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55
Q

dermis

A

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

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56
Q

diaphragm

A

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.

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57
Q

diastole

A

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

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58
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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59
Q

digestion

A

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

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60
Q

distal

A

Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity

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61
Q

dorsal

A

The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand

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62
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

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63
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found

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64
Q

endocrine system

A

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

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65
Q

enzymes

A

Substances catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

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66
Q

epidermis

A

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

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67
Q

epiglottis

A

A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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68
Q

epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

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69
Q

esophagus

A

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

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70
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL

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71
Q

extend

A

To straighten

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72
Q

extension

A

The straightening of a joint

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73
Q

fallopian tubes

A

Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus

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74
Q

femoral artery

A

The principal artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.

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75
Q

femoral head

A

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

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76
Q

femur

A

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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77
Q

flex

A

To bend

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78
Q

flexion

A

The bending of a joint

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79
Q

foramen magnum

A

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

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80
Q

gallbladder

A

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

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81
Q

genital system

A

The reproductive system in males and females

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82
Q

germinal layer

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

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83
Q

greater trochanter

A

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

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84
Q

hair follicles

A

The small organs that produce hair

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85
Q

heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through out the body

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86
Q

heart rate

A

The number of heartbeats during a specific time

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87
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs

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88
Q

hinge joints

A

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

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89
Q

hormones

A

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. Hormones regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

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90
Q

humerus

A

The supporting bone of the upper arm

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91
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

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92
Q

hypoxic drive

A

A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

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93
Q

ilium

A

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

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94
Q

inferior

A

Below a body part or nearer to the feet

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95
Q

inferior vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the heart

96
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

97
Q

interstitial space

A

The space in between the cells

98
Q

involuntary muscle

A

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.

99
Q

ischium

A

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

100
Q

joint (articulation)

A

The place where two bones come into contact

101
Q

joint capsule

A

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

102
Q

kidneys

A

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

103
Q

labored breathing

A

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

104
Q

lactic acid

A

A metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

105
Q

large intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.

106
Q

lateral

A

In anatomy, parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures.

107
Q

lesser trochanter

A

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

108
Q

ligament

A

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.

109
Q

liver

A

A large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

110
Q

lumbar spine

A

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

111
Q

mandible

A

The bone of the lower jaw

112
Q

manubrium

A

The upper quarter of the sternum

113
Q

maxillae

A

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

114
Q

medial

A

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures

115
Q

medulla oblongata

A

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

116
Q

midbrain

A

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

117
Q

midsagittal plane (midline)

A

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor

118
Q

minute volume

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute minus the dead space. Also called minute ventilation.

119
Q

motor nerves

A

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

120
Q

mucous membranes

A

The lining the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

121
Q

mucus

A

The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

122
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

123
Q

myocardium

A

The heart muscle

124
Q

nasopharynx

A

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

125
Q

nervous system

A

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

126
Q

norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

127
Q

occiput

A

The most posterior portion of the cranium

128
Q

oncotic pressure

A

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

129
Q

orbit

A

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

130
Q

oropharynx

A

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

131
Q

ovaries

A

Female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs)

132
Q

palmar

A

The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position

133
Q

pancreas

A

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

134
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary vegetative functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical actetylcholine

135
Q

parietal regions

A

The areas between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

136
Q

patella

A

The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

137
Q

pathophysiology

A

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

138
Q

perfusion

A

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs

139
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.

140
Q

peristalsis

A

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

141
Q

plantar

A

The bottom surface of the foot

142
Q

plasma

A

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

143
Q

platelets

A

Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

144
Q

pleura

A

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

145
Q

pleural space

A

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist.

146
Q

pneumotaxic (pontine) center

A

A portion of the pons that assists in creating shorter, faster respirations

147
Q

pons

A

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center

148
Q

posterior

A

In anatomy, the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position

149
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

150
Q

prostate gland

A

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

151
Q

proximal

A

Closer to the trunk

152
Q

pubic symphysis

A

A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

153
Q

pubis

A

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

154
Q

pulmonary artery

A

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood

155
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation

156
Q

pulmonary veins

A

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

157
Q

pulse

A

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

158
Q

quadrants

A

The way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine two lines intersecting at the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into four equal areas.

159
Q

radial artery

A

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

160
Q

radius

A

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

161
Q

rectum

A

The lowermost end of the colon

162
Q

red blood cells

A

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes

163
Q

renal pelvis

A

A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney

164
Q

residual volume

A

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

165
Q

respiration

A

The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

166
Q

respiratory system

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

167
Q

reticular activating system

A

All of the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

168
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Behind the abdominal cavity

169
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

170
Q

sacrum

A

One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

171
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

An imaginary line where the body is cut into left and right parts

172
Q

salivary glands

A

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

173
Q

scalp

A

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

174
Q

scapula

A

The shoulder blade

175
Q

sebaceous glands

A

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

176
Q

semen

A

Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

177
Q

seminal vesicles

A

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

178
Q

sensory nerves

A

The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system

179
Q

shock

A

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the metabolic apparatus of the cell

180
Q

shoulder girdle

A

The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus

181
Q

skeletal muscle

A

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

182
Q

skeleton

A

The framework that gives the body its recognizable form; also designated to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs

183
Q

small intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

184
Q

smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

185
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

186
Q

sphincters

A

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels.

187
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

188
Q

spinal cord

A

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal.

189
Q

sternum

A

The breastbone

190
Q

stratum corneal layer

A

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

191
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

192
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

193
Q

superficial

A

Close to or on the skin

194
Q

superior

A

Above a body part or nearer to the head

195
Q

superior vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

196
Q

sweat glands

A

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

197
Q

symphysis

A

A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection

198
Q

synovial fluid

A

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

199
Q

synovial membrane

A

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

200
Q

systemic circulation

A

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

201
Q

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels. SVR is related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel.

202
Q

systole

A

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

203
Q

temporal regions

A

The lateral portions on each side of the cranium

204
Q

tendons

A

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

205
Q

testicle

A

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

206
Q

thoracic cage

A

The chest or rib cage

207
Q

thoracic cavity

A

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

208
Q

thoracic spine

A

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

209
Q

thorax

A

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

210
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple

211
Q

tibia

A

The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

212
Q

tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL for an adult

213
Q

topographic anatomy

A

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

214
Q

torso

A

The trunk without the head and limbs

215
Q

trachea

A

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

216
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts

217
Q

triceps

A

The muscle in the back of the upper arm

218
Q

tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

219
Q

ulna

A

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb

220
Q

ureter

A

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

221
Q

urethra

A

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

222
Q

urinary bladder

A

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

223
Q

urinary system

A

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

224
Q

vagina

A

A muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal

225
Q

vasa deferentia

A

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens

226
Q

ventilation

A

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment

227
Q

ventral

A

The anterior surface of the body

228
Q

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech

229
Q

ventricle

A

One of two lower chambers of the heart

230
Q

vertebrae

A

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column

231
Q

voluntary muscle

A

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle

232
Q

V/Q ratio

A

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli

233
Q

white blood cells

A

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes

234
Q

xiphoid process

A

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

235
Q

zygomas

A

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone

Emergency Medical Technician book (39 decks)

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