Endocrinoloy/Quiz 3

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Chemical messengers that allow for this communication

Question 2

Function of hormones

Answer 2

1) reproduction 2) growth and development 3) maintenance of the internal environment 4) energy production, utilization and storage

Question 3

What are the five classes/types of hormones?

Answer 3

Steroid, proteins, peptides, amines and lipid derived Sppal

Question 4

Steroid

Answer 4

Ex: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol Chemical prop: nonpolar, diffuse thru membrane

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

Ex: insulin, glucagon, growth hormone Chemical prop: polar/nonpolar, big, doesn’t diffuse through receptor

Question 6

Peptides

Answer 6

Ex: oxytocin, parathyroid Chemical prop: much smaller, chain of amino acid

Question 7

Amines

Answer 7

Ex: epinephrine and norepinephrine Chemical prop: N-H

Question 8

Lipid derived

Answer 8

Ex: prostagladins Chemical prop: nonpolar

Question 9

Endocrinology

Answer 9

Communication and control within living organism through chemical messengers that are synthesized in whole or in part by the organism.

Question 10

What are the types of cell communication?

Answer 10

Intracrine, paracrine, intercrine, neurocrine, autocrine, juxtacrine, solinocrine, hemocrine

Question 11

Intracrine

Answer 11

Within cell

Question 12

Paracrine

Answer 12

Local action O ->O

Question 13

Intercrine

Answer 13

Tube between cells O=O

Question 14

Neurocrine

Answer 14

Neuron release hormones into blood

Question 15

Autocrine

Answer 15

Release own hormone which then signal cell

Question 16

Juxtacrine

Answer 16

Immune system

Question 17

Solinocrine

Answer 17

Hormone released within lumen, small intestine

Question 18

Hemocrine

Answer 18

Release of hormone into blood

Question 19

Mechanism of action for steroid/lipid hormones vs. protein/peptide/amine hormones

Answer 19

Nonpolar/steroid - can go straight into nucleus and act as transcription factor Protein/peptide/amine - attach to receptor, triggering signal cascade

Question 20

Effects of hormones are determined by…

Answer 20

1. Responding cell type/ receptor type 2. Concentration - how much? 2. Presence of other stimuli

Question 21

What is the actual response of receptor dependent on?

Answer 21

It depends in the transducing domain, NOT determined by the hormone itself.

Question 22

Hormone - receptor equilibrium reaction

Answer 22

R + H R * H

Question 23

Scatchard Equation

Answer 23

Bound hormone / free hormone = Ka[R] - Ka[Bound] Ka = [R*H]/([R]*[H])

Question 24

How does sensitivity shift the % response vs. [hormone] graph?

Answer 24

Shifts it left or right

Question 25

How does change in responsiveness shift the response magnitude vs. [hormone] curve?

Answer 25

Up or down

Question 26

Synergistic response

Answer 26

Effect is much larger than if you added up individual effects

Question 27

Hormone stimulus can result in

Answer 27

• alters plasma membrane permeability - stimulates synthesis of proteins or inhibitors - activates or deactivates enzymes - induces secretory activity - stimulates mitosis and other cell behavior

Question 28

At cell level, hormones affect

Answer 28

• cell survival - cell proliferation - cell differentiation - cell behavior

Question 29

As you increase or decrease concentration of hormone concentration…

Answer 29

You shift the curve to the left or to the right, increase or decrease biological response

Question 30

As you increase or decrease the number of spare receptors

Answer 30

You shift curve up or down, increase or decrease specific binding

Question 31

Additive response

Answer 31

effects are independent but additive

Question 33

Describe (diagram) the control system for an endocrinological response.

Answer 33

Question 34

Positive feedback for an endocrine system

Answer 34

Question 35

Endocrine pathology - How can you have a loss of homeostasis in terms of hormones

Answer 35

• Subnormal hormone production (Type I diabetes)
• Hormone excess
• Production of abnormal hormones (maybe don’t bind to receptor too well)
• Resistance to hormone action (lose sensitivity)
• Abnormalities of hormone transport or metabolism
• Multiple hormone abnormalities

Question 36

Acromegaly

Answer 36

• Excess of growth hormone being produced after you stop growing
• Cancer in AP

Question 37

Gigantism

Answer 37

• Abnormally large growth
• Tissues not growing proportionally with bone
• Tumor in AP occurred during growth

Question 38

Myxedema

Answer 38

• Severe hypothyroid syndrome in adults
• low metabolic rate, puffy eyes, mental sluggishness
• Lack of iodine in diet

Question 39

Creatinism

Answer 39

• Hypothyroidism in children
• short stature, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck
• Genetic deficiency in fetal thyroid gland or materal factors

Question 40

Graves’ disease

Answer 40

• hyperthyroid syndrome
• elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heatbeat

Question 41

Cushing’s disease

Answer 41

• excess of cortisone
• hyperglycemia, water and salt retention, hypertension
• ACTH-releasing tumor of the pituitary

Question 42

Addison’s disease

Answer 42

• Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex
• Weight loss, low Na and high K, severe dehydration and hypertension
• Caused by deficiencies in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids

Question 43

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 43

• Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
• Insulin absent or deficient, blood sugar remains high after meal

Question 44

Type I diabetes

Answer 44

• Insulin-dependent, juvenile-onset
• Destruction of pancreatic islet cells (source of insulin)

(iselt -sense blood sugar levels and release insulin to maintain normal levels)

Question 45

Type II diabetes

Answer 45

• non-insulin dependen
• unresponsive insulin receptors (insulin resistance)
• can be managed by diet and exercise