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Biology > 4.3 Circulation > Flashcards

4.3 Circulation Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Single Circulatory System

A

Closed Circulatory System
2 chambered heart
Blood is oxygenated at gills
Blood is deoxygenated as it travels around the body

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2
Q

Double Circulatory System

A

Pulmonary- Takes blood to the lungs
Systemic- Takes blood around the rest of the body

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3
Q

Advantages of Double Circulatory System

A

1) Blood pressure to the body tissues is higher
2) Blood pressure to the lungs is lower
This avoids damage to capillaries
Increases time for gas exchange
3) Organisms can develop larger bodies

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Transports digested food products
Transfers heat round the body

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5
Q

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

A

Transports O2 + some CO2
Have a biconcave shape + no nucleus

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6
Q

Leukocytes (White blood cells)

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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7
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils (phagocytosis)
Basophils (histamines)
Eosinophils (response to parasites)

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8
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes
Involved in blood clotting

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10
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Has 4 polypeptide chains
Globular- each haem can pick up 4 molecules of O2

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11
Q

Partial Pressure

A

As ppO2 increases it becomes easier for O2 to load onto haemoglobin
When ppO2 is high, O2 loads onto haemoglobin
When ppO2 is low, O2 dissociates from the Hb

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12
Q

High affinity Hb- Curve to the left

A

Loads O2 easily
Releases it less easily
Organism has a low metabolic rate
Slow release of O2 into tissues

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13
Q

Low affinity Hb- Curve to the right

A

Takes up O2 less readily
Releases it more easily
Organisms have a high metabolic rate
Rapid release of O2 to tissues
More important to have a Hb that releases O2 more rapidly than take it up

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14
Q

Anaerobic Conditions

A

Hb can become saturated with O2 at very low ppO2
Has high affinity for O2 + loads with O2
When O2 is used up + respiration produces CO2
which changes Hb’s shape making it unload

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15
Q

Foetal Hb

A

Different quaternary structure to adult Hb
Has higher affinity for O2 than adult at same ppO2
Loads at a ppO2 at which adult Hb dissociates

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16
Q

Myoglobin

A

Higher affinity for O2 than adult + foetal Hb
Stores O2 in muscle - extends aerobic respiration
Only unloads when the ppO2 is very low

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17
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood from tissues to heart
Thin walls- Low pressure
Large lumen to reduce resistance to flow
Many valves to prevent back flow
Blood at low pressure

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

Allows exchange of materials between blood + tissues
Permeable walls - Only 1 cell thick
Very small lumen
No valves
Blood pressure falls
Blood changes form oxygenated to deoxygenated

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19
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from heart to tissues
Thick walls with smooth elastic layers- resists high pressure
Small lumen
No valves
Blood at high pressure
Blood usually oxygenated

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20
Q

Heart

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A

Myogenic
Capable of contracting without nervous impulse

21
Q

Vena Cava

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A

Deoxygenated blood from body to heart

22
Q

Pulmonary Artery

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A

Deoxygenated blood form from heart to lungs

23
Q

Pulmonary Vein

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A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs to heart

24
Q

Aorta

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A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to body

25
Diastole (Relaxation)
Blood enters the atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein Increased atrial pressure opens atrioventricular valves Blood flows into ventricles Walls of both atria and ventricles are relaxed Ventricle relaxation reduces the pressure inside the ventricle Pressure is lower in the ventricle than in the aorta and pulmonary artery Semi lunar valves close
26
Atrial Systole
Walls of atria contract Blood pushed into ventricles Ventricle walls are relaxed to receive the blood
27
Ventricular Systole
Pause to allow ventricles to fill Increase in BP in ventricles closes AV valves to prevent back flow into atria AV valves close Pressure rises which opens semi lunar valves Blood leaves through the aorta and pulmonary artery
28
Heartbeat control
Depolarisation starts at SAN Depolarisation spreads across atria - causing atrial systole Stimulates AVN Passes stimulation down the bundle of His Stimulation passes to purkinje fibres Stimulation passes up the heart Ventricles contract
29
Atherosclerosis Chemistry
Damaged Tissues release platelets Platelets release thromboplastin Thromboplastin combines with prothrombin + calcium to make thombin Thrombin combines with fibrinogen to make fibrin Fibrin makes a clot
30
Atherosclerosis
The hardening of arteries caused by the build up of atheroma
31
Atherosclerosis steps
1) Endothelium is damaged This increases the risk of blood clotting 2) This leads to an inflammatory response 3) White blood cells move to the site of damage 4) Over time WBC build up + harden Leads to atheroma formation 5) Build up of atheroma leads to narrowing of the artery This restricts blood flow Increases the blood pressure Damages the endothelial lining + process is repeated
32
non-modifiable factors of atherosclerosis
Male Sex Age
33
Male Sex
Testosterone increases the amount of LDL's in the blood which carries large amounts of cholesterol
34
Age
As you get older, your blood vessels begin to lose their elasticity + narrow slightly More likely to suffer from atherosclerosis
35
Modifiable factors of atherosclerosis
Smoking Weight
36
Smoking
Chemicals in tobacco damage the arterial linings Build up of plaque is more likely Arteries narrow
37
Weight
High BP Damage to blood vessel linings Type 2 Diabetes damage to blood vessel linings
38
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure of the blood from heart contractions
39
Oncotic Pressure
The tendency of water to move back into the capillaries by osmosis
40
Tissue Fluid Artery End
Hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is higher than oncotic pressure forcing water in Tissue fluid is forced out the capillaries by hydrostatic pressure
41
Tissue Fluid Venous End
Hydrostatic pressure inside is less than the oncotic pressure outside Tissue fluid is forced back into the capillary by the higher pressure outside
42
Loss of hydrostatic pressure is due to
Loss of blood volume No pulse pressure
43
Excess tissue fluid
Tissue fluid drains into lymphatic system They merge to form larger vessels Vessels drain the TF back into the bloodstream via the subclavian valves
44
Role of Lymph Glands
1) Have lymphocytes which produce antibodies 2) Antibodies are released back into the bloodstream 3) Helps remove pathogens
45
Lymph Vessels
Have valves to prevent back flow Fluid is moved through vessels via skeletal muscle contractions
46
Aortic Pressure
1) Aortic pressure rises when blood leaves ventricles 2) Elasticity causes recoil action causes a rise in pressure before relaxation phase
47
Atrial Pressure
Pressure is always low due to thin walls 1) Pressure peaks when atria contract 2) Drops when AV valve closes + walls relax 3) Gradual increase in pressure when atria fill 4) Pressure drops when AV valves open + blood moves into ventricles
48
Ventricular Pressure
1) Starts low but slowly increases as blood enters the atria AV valves close Pressure higher than in aorta so blood forced through SL valves 2) large pressure increase when ventricle walls contract 3) Pressure walls when ventricles relax
49
Ventricular Volume
1) Rises when atria contract + ventricles fill 2) Drops when blood is forced out through SL valves 3) Volume increases again as ventricles fill with blood

Biology (30 decks)

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