- A phylum, nervous system with central bundle of nerves in back protected by vertebral column - Vertebrates

- Hard exoskeleton - Invertebrates

4.3 Classification And Evolution Flashcards by Raphaella Ridley

Define binomial system

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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Define classification

The process of placing living things into groups

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Why do we classify organisms?

For our convenience
To make studying them more manageable
To make it easier to identify organisms
To help us see he relationships between species

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Order of taxonomic levels

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What are the three domains?

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryotae

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What are the five main kingdoms?

Plante
Animalia
Fungi
Protoctista 
Prokaryotae

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What is phylum?

Same BODY PLAN, e.g. backbone (vertebrates and invertebrates)

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What is class?

Same general traits, e.g. number of legs

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What is order?

Subdivision of class with additional information 
(e.g. carnivora + herbivora)

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What is family?

A group of closely related genera

e.g. dogs and cats

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What is genus?

A group of closely related species

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What are Chordata?

A phylum, nervous system with central bundle of nerves in back protected by vertebral column
Vertebrates

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What are anthropoda?

Hard exoskeleton

- Invertebrates

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Human taxonomic levels

Eukaryotae
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia 
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
Sapiens

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Why doesn’t using a common name work well?

Different common name in different parts of country
Different common names in different countries
Translation gives different names
Same name different species

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What is the phylogenetic definition of a species

A group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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Name a single celled organism that has chloroplasts

Euglena

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Features of prokaryotae

No nucleus
Loop of naked DNA 
No membrane bound organelles
Small ribosomes
Small cells
Free living or parasitic

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Features of protoctista

All eukaryotic 
Mostly single celled
Plant or animal like features
Mostly free living
Autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition

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Features of fungi

Eukaryotic
Can be single cells (yeast) / mycelium or hyphae
Chitin walls
Multinucleate cytoplasm
Saprophytic (decay of organic matter) and free living

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Features of plantae

Eukaryotic 
Multicellular
Autotrophic 
Cellulose cell wall
Chlorophyll

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Features of animalia

Able to move around
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic

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Bacteria and archae difference

Different cell membrane structure
Different flagella
Different RNA enzymes
Diffferent mechanisms for DNA replication

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Similarities between archae and eukaryotes

Similar enzymes for making RNA

Similar mechanisms for DNA replication

Anatomical adaptations of marram

``` Curled leaves Folded lower epidermis (create pits) Hairy lower epidermis (reduces air movement) Long roots (water deep underground) Low density of stomata (stabilise also) Spread roots Waxy cuticle ```

Physiological adaptations of marram

Roll leaves Guard cells Low water potential for salty conditions Lignin - keep upright when water is not available

What is convergent evolution

Where two species evolve to look very similar due to similar lifestyles

Define adaptation

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

Define anatomy

Structural features

Define behavioural adaptations

The ways behaviour is modified for survival

Define physiological adaptations

Affect the way that processes work

Define standard deviation

Measure of spread around a mean

What does a value of 1 mean for correlation coefficient

Perfect correlation

Define genetic variation

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

What is a mnemonic for the order of classification

``` Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed ```

Difference between bacteria and archaea?

- cell membrane - flagella - RNA synth. enz. - naked DNA (archaea have proteins associated with DNA) - DNA replication mechanisms

Evidence that has lead to new classification systems, such as the three domains of life

- similarities in biological molecules | - genetic evidence

What is important to remember when writing out the binomial name of a species?

Underlining it

Define species

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Problems in using observable characteristics in classification

convergent evolution makes organisms look similar

What is cytochrome c used for and what is it?

- protein | - used in respiration

How can cytochrome c be used in classification?

- different amino acid sequences | - more differences = less closely related species

What is monophyletic?

species described belong to the same phylogenetic group (same phylum)

Why is it difficult to define bacteria as a species?

Species = fertile offspring + genetic similarity - divide by binary fission - plasmids vary widely in DNA content and can be considered part of bacterial genome

Define natural selection

The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

What four observations did Darwin make?

- offspring generally appear similar to their parents - no two individuals are identical - organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring - populations in nature tend to remain stable in size

What did Darwin conclude?

- there is a struggle to survive - better adapted pass on characteristics - changes make new species over time

Evidence for evolution

- fossils | - biological molecules (DNA and cytochrome c)

Steps of natural selection

- mutations = different versions of gene (alleles) - intraspecific variation - selective pressure favours advantageous characteristics - survive and reproduce - pass on characteristics - next generation = higher proportion of those successful characteristics

What is continuous variation?

variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values between

What is discontinuous variation?

where there are distinct characteristics with nothing in between

What is environmental variation?

variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

What is genetic variation?

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

Examples of continuous variation

height length of leaves on oak tree length of stalk (reproductive hyphae)of a toadstool number of flagella on bacterium

What is discontinuous variation regulated by?

- single gene | - not affected by environment

Examples of discontinuous variation

gender some bacteria have flagella and others do not human blood groups

Behavioural adaptation of marram

- rolling leaf more tightly - closing stomata - when covered in sand, will grow more quickly

What characteristics do marsupial moles and placental moles share?

- cylindrical body - small eyes - strong front legs - large claws on front legs - short fur - short tail - nose with tough skin for protection