4.3 CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION Flashcards
1
Q
Define binomial system
A
- A system that uses the genus name and species name to name organisms
2
Q
State the mnemonic for the modern classification system
A
Dear
King
Phillip
Cried
Out
For
Goodness
Sake
3
Q
State the eight taxonomic classification levels
A
1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species
4
Q
State four advantages of the classification system
A
1) For our convenience
2) Makes studying living things more manageable
3) Easier to identify organisms
4) Help us identify relationships between species
5
Q
Describe the domain classification level
A
- There are three domains
1) Archaea
2) Eubacteria
3) Eukaryotae
6
Q
Describe the kingdom classification level
A
- There are five kingdoms
1) (Eukaryotes - have a nucleus) plantae, animalia, fungi, protoctista
2) Prokaryotae (no nucleus/single celled)
7
Q
Describe the phylum classification level
A
- A major subdivision, contains all the groups of organsisms that have the same body plan (e.g backbone)
8
Q
Describe the class classification level
A
- A group of organisms that all posses the same general traits (e.g leg number)
9
Q
Describe the order classification level
A
- a subdivision relate to further information about the organism (e.g carnivora or herbivora)
10
Q
Describe the family classification level
A
- A group of closely related genra (e.g in carinivora there is cat family and dog family)
11
Q
Describe the genus classification level
A
- A group of closely related species
12
Q
Describe the species classification level
A
- Members capable of interbreeding, show some variation but are essentially the same
13
Q
State the trend in relative ease of classification down the taxonomic levels
A
- Becomes more difficult
14
Q
State the binomial system name of humans
A
Homo sapiens
15
Q
State three disadvantages of the common name method
A
1) The same organism may have a different common name in different areas/countries
2) The same common name may be used for different organisms in different areas/countries
3) Translation of languages may give an incorrect/different name
16
Q
State the biological definition and phylogenetic definition of species
A
Biological = a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Phylogenetic = a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics
17
Q
Describe the features of prokaryotae in detail
A
- No nucleus
- Contain a loop of naked DNA
- No membrane bound organelles
- Smaller ribosomes
- Cells are smaller than eukaryotes
- Can be free living or parasitic
18
Q
Describe the features of protoctista in detail
A
- EUKARYOTES
- Most are single celled
- Have autotrphic or heterotrophic nutrition
- Mostly free living
- Show a very wide variety of forms
19
Q
Describe the features of fungi in detail
A
- EUKARYOTES
- Chitin walls
- Mostly free living and saprophytic
- Has many nuclei in the cytoplasm
- Can exist as single cells or mycelium (with hyphae)
20
Q
Describe the features of plantae in detail
A
- EUKARYOTES
- Are multicellular
- Have cellulose cell wall
- Are autotrophic
- Contain chlorophyll
21
Q
Describe the features of animalia in detail
A
- EUKARYOTES
- Are multicellular
- Are heterotrophic
- Able to move around
22
Q
Define convergent evolution
A
- When unrelated species look very similar because of the similar ways in which they have adapted to their environment
23
Q
State which process causes slight differences in biological molecules between organisms
A
- Evolution
24
Q
Explain how the extent of similarity/difference in versions of the same biological molecules can determine evolutionary relationships
A
- Two organisms with very different versions of the same molecules are less closely related because they have evolved separately for longer
- Two organisms with very similar versions of the same molecules are more closely related because they have not evolved separately for long
25
Describe the **evidence** that **cytochrome c** gives about **evolutionary relationships**
- If the **amino acid sequence** of **cytochrome c** is the **same**, the **two species** are **closely related**
- If the **amino acid sequence** of **cytochrome c** is the **different**, the **two species** are **not closely related**
- (the **more differences** the **less closely related**)
26
State and explain the **type** of **organsism** that **cytochrome c** is **present** in
- **ALL** organisms that **respire** because its the **protein** used in **respiration**
27
Define **genetic code**
- The **instructions** for producing **proteins**
28
Explain how **DNA** can be used as evidence for **evolutionary relationships**
- The more **similar** the **sequence** in a part of **DNA**, the more **closely related** the **two species**
- Because they have **not** **evolved separaetly** for a **long time**
29
State the **three-domain classification** system
1) **Bacteria**
2) **Archaea**
3) **Eukaryotae**
30
State **structural differences** between the **bacteria** against **archae** and **eukaryotae** in the **three domain classification** system
**Bacteria** have:
1) A **different cell membrane strcuture**
2) **Flagella**
3) **Different organelles**
4) **No proteins** associated with their **genetic material**
5) A **different mechanism** for **DNA replication** and for **synthesising RNA**
6) **Different enzymes** used to **synthesise RNA**
31
State **structural similarities** between the **archae** and **eukaryotae** in the **three domain classification** system
**Archae** and **eukaryotae** both have:
1) **Similar** mechanisms for **DNA replication** and **synthesising RNA**
2) Production of **proteins** that are **associated** with their **DNA**
3) **Similar enzymes** used to **synthesise RNA**
32
Define **phylogeny**
- The study of **evolutionary relationships** between **organisms** (how **closely different species** are **related**)
33
Define **artificial classification** and **natural classification**
**Artificial classification** = classification based on a **few characteristics** for **human convinience**, in a way thats **easy** to **remember/find**
**Natural classification** = classification that reflects the **real evolutionary relationships** between organisms (e.g the **modern classification system**)
34
Compare **four** features of **artifcial classification** against **natural classification**
**Artificial** classification:
1) Based on only a **few chracteristics**
2) Does **not** reflect **evolutionary relationships**
3) Provides **limited information**
4) **Doesnt change**
**Natural** classification:
1) Based on **many chracteristics**
2) Reflects **evolutionary relationships**
3) Privides **useful information**
4) **Changes** alot with **advancing information**
35
Define **monophyletic species**
- A **group** of **species** that belong to the same **phylogenetic group** and **share** a **common ancestor**
36
State the **four** **observations** that **darwin** made
1) **Offspring** genrally appear **similar** to their **parents**
2) **No two individuals** are **identicle**
3) **Organisms** have the ability to produce **large numbers** of **offspring**
4) **Populations** in nature tend to **remain** a **fairly stable size**
37
State **darwins conclusions**
- There is **struggle** to **survive**
- **Better adpated** individuals **survive** and pass their **characteristic** to the **next generation**
- Overtime, a number of **changes** may give rise to a **new species**
38
Describe how **variation** leads to **evolution** according to **darwins research**
1) When too many young are produced, there is **competition** for **food/resources**
2) As **offspring** are **different**, some may be **better adapted** than others
3) The **better adpated individuals** obtain enough **food/resources** to **survive** long enough to **reproduce**
4) They then pass these **advantagous characteristics** onto the **next generation**
5) The population can **change/evole** to become **better suited** to its **environment**
39
State and explain the **two** pieces of **evidence** for **evolution**
1) **Fossil evidence** (**fossil species** are similar to **current** **species** but **current species** seem to be **better adpated**)
2) **Biological molecules** (If **one species** gives **rise** to **another** they are likey to have the **same biological molecules**/two **closely related** **species** will have only **separated** **relatively** **recently** so their **biological molecules** will be **identical** or **similar**)
40
Explain how **fossils** can give **evidence** for **evolution**
- **Fossils** show **change overtime**
- There are **methods** to **date fossils**
- They show **relationships** between **species/organisms**
- **Fossil species** are similar to **current** **species** but **current species** seem to be **better adpated**
41
Expain how **biological molecules** can give **evidence** for **evolution**
- If **one species** gives **rise** to **another** they are likey to have the **same biological molecules**
- Two **closely related** **species** will have only **separated** **relatively** **recently** so their **biological molecules** will be **identical** or **similar**
- (e.g **Cytochrome C** and **DNA gene sequences**)
42
State and explain how **mitochondrial DNA** provides **evidence** for **natural selection**
- During **sexual reproduction** the **mitochondrial DNA** in the **egg** is **passed** down to the **offspring**
- **ONLY** **maternal mDNA** is passed to **offspring**, **NEVER** the **paternal mDNA**
- We can **trace back** an organisms **mDNA** to determine **migration patterns** (shows **change**)
43
Define **variation**
- The **differences** between **individuals**
44
State the **six** different forms of **variation**
1) **Interspecific variation**
2) **Intraspecific variation**
3) **Environmental variation**
4) **Genetic variation**
5) **Continuous variation**
6) **Discontinuous variation**
45
Define **intraspecific variation**
- The **variation** between members of the same **species** (e.g different **niches** for each **member**)
46
Define **interspecific variation**
- The **differences** between **different species** (e.g different **behaviour** between **cats** and **dogs**)
47
Define **enironmental variation**
- **Variation** caused by **response** to **environemntal factors** (e.g **light intensity**)
48
Define **genetic variation**
- **Variation** caused by the **possesion** of **different allele combinations** (e.g **blood group**)
49
Define **continuous variation**
- **Variation** where there is **two extremes** and a full range of **values inbetween** (e.g **human height**, **tree leaf length**, **flagella number** on **bacteria**)
50
Define **discontinuous variation**
- **Variation** where there are **distinct catergories** and **nothing inbetween** (e.g **sex**, **human blood groups**, weather **bacteria** have **flagella** or **not**)
51
State how to show **CONTINUOUS variation** in **data form**
- A **histogram**
52
State how to show **DISCONTINUOUS variation** in **data form**
- A **bar chart**
53
Give an example that describes how **environemtal factors** could be **limited** by **genetic factors**
- Regardless of how **nutritional** your **diet** is, you may be unable to grow **tall** is yout **height** is **limited** by your **genes/genetics**
54
Give an example that describes how **genetic factors** could be **limited** by **environemntal factors**
- Not all **genes** are **active** all the time, certain **environmental factors** can **active/deactivate gene expression**
55
Define **adaptation**
- A **characteristic** that **enhances survival** in the **habitat**
56
State **four** things a **well-adapted** individual will be able to do
1) Find **food**/**photosynthesise** well
2) **Defend** itself from **predators/disease**
3) **Survive** the **abiotic** factors of its **environement** (e.g **temperature/water availibility/pH/light**)
4) Resond to **changes** in its **environment**
57
State the **three** types of **adaptation**
1) **Anatomical** adaptations
2) **Behavioural** adaptations
3) **Physiological** adaptations
58
Define **anatomical adaptation**
- **Internal/external structural** features
59
Define **behavioural adaptation**
- The ways that **behaviour** (**response** to **change**) is **modified** for **survival**
60
Define **physiological adaptation**
- Ensuring **functioning** of **processes** are occuring at the **cellular level**
61
State and explain **five anatomical adaptations** of **marram grass**
1) **Long/widespread roots** - enables sufficient **water/nutrient absorbance** and **stabilises sand dunes**
2) **Curled leaves** - **reduces** the **SA** of the leaf that is **exposed** to the **wind** thus **moisture** builds up
3) **Waxy cuticle** - **reduces** the **water wavpour loss** by **evaporation**
4) **Hairs** on **lower epidermis** **reduces air** movement so **water vapour** is **retained** close to the **lower epidermis**
5) **Fewer stomata** means **less water vapour loss**
62
State and explain the **two behavioural adaptations** of **marram grass**
1) **Rolling** the **leaf** more **tightly** and **closing** the **stomata** when there is a **shortage** of **water** to **reduce transpiration**
2) When covered by **sand** it will **grow faster** to reach **sunlight**
63
State and explain **four biochemical (physiological) adaptations** of **marram grass**
1) **Specialised hinge cells** lose **water/turgidity** which allows for the **leaf** to **curl** up as a **response** to **low water availability**
2) **Guard cells** control opening and closing of **stomata** via **turgidity**
3) **Maintains** a **lower water potential** than normal plants to enable survival in **salty conditions**
4) **Leaves** contain many **lignified cells** that provide **support** when **turgidity** is **lost** so **leaf** stays **upright** even when **water** is **unavailable**
64
State the **similarities** of marsupial and placental **moles**
- **Cylindrical body**
- **Small eyes**
- **Strong front legs**
- **Large claws** on **front legs**
- **Short fur**
- **Short tail**
- **Tough skin nose**
65
Explain **covergent evolution**
- When **different species** occupy **similar environments**
- Similar **selection pressures**
- Results in **selection** for **similar adaptations**
- Thus, the **different species** end up looking more **similar** than they **genetically** are
66
Outline the process of **natural selection**
1) **Mutations** create alternative **alleles**
2) This creates **genetic variation** between a **species** (**intraspecific variation**)
3) **Scarce resources** create **selection pressure**
4) Individuals with an **advantageous characteristic** will survive and **reproduce**
5) Their **offspring** then **inherit** that advantageous **allele**
6) The **next** **generation** will have a **higher proportion** of individuals with the **advantageous characteristics**
67
Give an example of a **selection pressure**
- Exposure to **pesticides**/**insecticides**/**antibiotics**
