4.3.1 Classification And Phlogeny

Question 1

define classification

Answer 1

The process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

Question 2

What is the highest taxonomic rank

Answer 2

Domains

Question 3

Define taxonomy

Answer 3

Arranging organisms into groups based on shared features - these is no overlap between each group can only belong to one group at each tax on

Question 4

What are the 8 taxonomic ranks

Answer 4

Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

What is the binomial naming system

Answer 5

When we use the genus and species to identify species

Question 6

How do we use the binomial naming system

Answer 6

Established by Carl Linnaeus
Use italics
Genus = capital letter
Species = lowercase

Question 7

What is the advantage of using the binomial naming system

Answer 7

Removes the language barrier
Using universal Latin names

Question 8

Define species

Answer 8

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring

Question 9

How many domains of life are there

Answer 9

3

Question 10

What are the main differences between archaea and eubacteria

Answer 10

Archaea have no peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Different numbers of proteins in RNA polymerase
Archaea have a monolopid cell membrane. Eubacteria have a bilipid cell membrane
Eubacteria are found in all environments whereas archaea are found in extreme conditions (extremophiles)

Question 11

What are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 11

Prokaryotes
Animalia
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae

Question 12

What are heterotroph organisms

Answer 12

An organism that cannot make its own food

Question 13

Examples of heterotroph organisms

Answer 13

Animalia - all
Fungi - all
Protocista - some
Prokaryotes - some

Question 14

What is an autotroph organism

Answer 14

An organism that can make its own food - via photosynthesis

Question 15

Examples of autotrophic organisms

Answer 15

Plantae - all
Prokaryotes - some
Protocista - some

Question 16

What is a saprotophic organism

Answer 16

An organism that secretes digestive enzymes onto food
Enzymes digest large molecules in food
(Hyphae) products of digesting absorb molecules into cells

Question 17

What are examples of satrotophic organisms

Answer 17

Fungi

Question 18

What is phylogeny

Answer 18

Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms
It is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny is the base of modern classification
The closer the evolutionary relationship the closer the taxonomic grouping

Question 19

Difference between classification and phylogeny

Answer 19

Classification is the grouping of organisms based off their differences
Phylogeny is based on evolutionary history, studying the closeness of evolutionary relationships

Question 20

Assumptions of phylogenetic - example: amino acids

Answer 20

Organisms with similar sequences of amino acids or DNA are considered to be closely related and put in the same genus (taxonomic group)
The greater the difference in the amino acid sequence the longer ago the groups diverged

Question 21

What does a phylogenetic tree show

Answer 21

The relationships between organisms and common ancestors

Question 22

What is phylogenetic

Answer 22

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms It

Question 23

What does the closeness of the branches of the phylogenetic tree mean

Answer 23

The closer the branches the more closely related the organisms are

Question 24

How can classification use phylogeny

Answer 24

To conform that classification groups are correct, or that they need to be changed

Question 25

What are 2 advantages of phylogeny over classification

Answer 25

1. Phylogeny allows the production of a continuous tree instead of placing organisms into discrete groups like classification 2. Hierarchy’s nature of classification can be misleading

Question 26

How have scientists been able to classify organisms based on on their phylogeny

Answer 26

Advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing

Question 27

What are 3 reasons that scientists classify organisms?

Answer 27

1. To identify species 2. To predict characteristics 3. To find evolutionary links

Question 28

What is one slight limitation of using a classification system

Answer 28

The classification is created by humans instead of being defined by nature

Question 29

What are some features of organisms from the Animalia kingdom?

Answer 29

Multicellular True nucleus No cell wall Heterotrophic No chlorophyll Complex cell structure

Question 30

What are some features of organisms from the Plantae kingdom?

Answer 30

Multicellular Cellulose cell wall Autotrophic feeders using chlorophyll Complex cell structure True nucleus

Question 31

What are some features of organisms from the Fungi kingdom?

Answer 31

Multicellular Chitin cell wall Saprophytic feeders No chlorophyll Complex cell structure with nucleus

Question 32

What are some features of organisms from the Protocista kingdom?

Answer 32

Single called (exists as colonies) Complex cell structure Nucleus Some have a cellulose cell wall Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Question 33

What are some features of organisms from the Prokaryotes kingdom?

Answer 33

No true nucleus Unicellular Murein/peptidoglycan cell wall Heterotrophic and autotrophic

Question 34

Examples of organisms in the Prokaryotes kingdom

Answer 34

Bacteria

Question 35

Examples of organisms in the Protocista kingdom

Answer 35

Algae Slime moulds Malaria Plasmodium

Question 36

Examples of organisms in the Fungi kingdom

Answer 36

Moulds Yeast Mushrooms

Question 37

Examples of organisms in the Plantae kingdom

Answer 37

Mosses Ferns

Question 38

Examples of organisms in the Animalia kingdom

Answer 38

Fish Reptiles Bird Animals Amphibians

Question 39

Features of eubacteria domain

Answer 39

Prokaryotic cell structure Circular DNA No membrane bound organelles 70s ribosomes No true nucleus 5 proteins on RNA polymerase Peptidoglycan cell wall No cytoskeleton

Question 40

Features of the Archaea domain

Answer 40

Prokaryotic cell structure Circular DNA No membrane bound organelles 70s ribosomes No nucleus 8-10 proteins in RNA polymerase Some can grow at 100 degrees No peptidoglycan cell wall No cytoskeleton

Question 41

Features of the Eukarya domain

Answer 41

Eukaryotic cell structure Linear DNA Membrane bound organelles 80s ribosomes 12 proteins in RNA polymerase Cannot grow at 100 degrees Has a cytoskeleton No peptidoglycan cell wall Heterotrophic

Question 42

state the meaning of the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification

Answer 42

phylogeny is evolutionary relationships between organisms phylogeny is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships phylogeny is the basis of modern classification the closer the evolutionary or genetic relationship the closer the taxonomic groups

Question 43

Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence that species have evolved

Answer 43

Nucleus aicd/nuclear DNA - samples from two species sequences can Show similarities that can imply an evolutionary relationships Difference/divergence in sequence implies evolutionary distance Proteins/polypeptides - same protein from two species (their primary structure) can be sequences to show similarity or differences which implies evolutionary relation and differences in sequence implies evolutionary distance