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BIOLOGY GCSE > 4.3.1 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

4.3.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Divine the term pathogen

A

A pathogen is a microorganism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Four types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

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3
Q

2 ways pathogens can cause disease

A

Damaging cells - viruses ‘live’ and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them. Bacteria can also directly damage cells

Producing toxins - bacteria produce toxins (poisons) that affect your body and make you feel ill

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4
Q

Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside the body
How do bacteria multiply

A

They multiple by process of simple cell division called binary fission.
Usually divide once every 20 minutes

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5
Q

If a bacterial cell can divide once every 20 minutes, how many bacteria will be there after 6 hours

A

6 hours = 20 mins x 18
18 times
2^18 = 262144 times

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6
Q

Describe the growth of bacteria grown in a culture solution containing all the nutrients the bacteria need over a period of 8 hours

A

(Setting phase—bacteria getting used to new environment so there is no binary fission)

Bacteria divide rapidly by binary fission
Numbers increases at an increasing rate
Plenty of nutrients, not too much waste

Then the number of cells level out
Nutrients run out
Waste product builds up—CO2 and ethanol (if anaerobic)

Then bacteria will begin to die

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7
Q

RP2 - investigating the effect of antiseptics on the growth of bacteria

Equipment:

A

A nutrients agar plate
A heatproof mat
Filter paper discs
Three antiseptics—e.g. mouthwash, TCP, antiseptic cream
Disinfectant bench spray
Forceps
Clear tape
Hand wash
Chinagraph pencil
Access to an incubator (set to 25 degrees Celsius)

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8
Q

RP2 - investigating the effect of antiseptics on the growth of bacteria

Method:

A
  1. Spray bench with disinfectant spray. Then wipe down with paper towels
  2. Mark the underneath of a nutrient agar plate (NOT THE LID) with the chinagraph pencil into the 3 equal sections and label them on the edge of the plate with the 3 different antiseptics that you will use. Also mark a dot in the middle of each section. Around the edge write your initials, date and the name of the bacteria (E. coli)
  3. Wash your hands with the antibacterial hand wash
  4. Flame the neck of the bottle of antiseptic
    Flame the inoculating loop/forceps
    Use the forceps to pick up the filter paper discs and soak in the disinfectant
  5. Carefully lift the lid of the agar plate at an angle DONT OPEN FULLY
  6. Use forceps to care fully put each disc onto one of the dots marked previously
  7. Secure the lid of the agar plate in place using 2 small pieces of clear tape. Do not seal lid fully because this creates anaerobic conditions, which will prevent the E. coli from growing.
  8. Incubate the plate at 25 Celsius for at least 48 hours
  9. Measure the diameter of the clear zone around each disc by place the ruler across the centre of the disc. Measure again at 90 degrees to the first measurement so that the mean diameter can be calculated
  10. Record results in a table
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9
Q

Pathogen type of measles

A

Virus

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10
Q

Pathogen type of HIV

A

VIRUS

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11
Q

Pathogen type of malaria

A

Protist

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12
Q

Pathogen type of salmonella

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Pathogen type of gonorrhoea

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Pathogen type of Rose Black Spot

A

Fungus

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15
Q

Pathogen type of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

Virus

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16
Q

Method of spread of Measles

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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17
Q

Method of spread of HIV

A

Sexual contract or exchange of body fluids, e.g. by sharing drug needles

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18
Q

Method of spread of malaria

A

Mosquito acts s a vector when feeding on blood

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19
Q

Method of spread of salmonella

A

Eating contaminated food

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20
Q

Method of spread of gonorrhoea

A

Sexual contract

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21
Q

Method of spread of rose black spot

A

Spread to plants by water and wind

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22
Q

Method of spread of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Direct contact between plants or on farmers’ hands

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23
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever
Skin rash
Spots in mouths

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24
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms initially
Immune system damaged so it cannot deal with infections/cancers
Lead to AIDS

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25
Symptoms of malaria
Recurrent episodes of fever
26
Symptoms of salmonella
Stomach cramps Diarrhoea and vomiting Fever
27
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
Thick yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina Pain on urinating
28
Symptoms of rose black spot
Purple or black spots on leaves Leaves then turn yellow and drop early Slower growth
29
Symptoms of TMV
Yellow ‘mosaic’ pattern on leaves due to lack of chlorophyll Slower growth
30
Treatment/control for measles
Vaccination for PREVENTION Painkillers for SYMPTOMS
31
Treatment/control for HIV
Antiretroviral medication to prevent AIDS development PrEP (medicine) for prevention
32
Treatment/control for malaria
Prevent mosquitos breeding Mosquito nets Antimalarial drugs
33
Treatment/control for salmonella
Vaccinated poultry Wash hands with soup before preparing food and after using the toilet Cook food thoroughly
34
Treatment/control for gonorrhoea
Barrier contraception (condoms) Antibiotics, but many species are resistant to penicillin
35
Treatment/control for rose black spot
Remove and burn infected leaves Use fungicide sprays
36
Treatment/control for TMV
Disinfect tools and hands when handling plants Burn infected leaves
37
What causes the symptoms of salmonella—vomiting and diarrhoea?
Toxins
38
Body defences where??
Lining of nose and trachea Eyes Stomach Skin Scabs WBCs
39
Body’s defences: lining of nose and trachea
Secrete mucus to trap bacteria Cilia waft the mucus up and OUT of the lungs
40
Body’s defences: eyes
Tears contain enzymes which kill pathogens
41
Body’s defences: stomach
Contains HCl (pH 1-2) Kills pathogens
42
Body’s defences: skin
Dead layer of cells which forms a protective barrier to stop pathogens entering Produces sebum which is antiseptic so kills pathogens
43
Body’s defences: white blood cells
Make antibodies Engulf pathogens Make antitoxins
44
How do general WBCs kill pathogens
WBCs release antitoxins which bind to the toxins released by the pathogens. This neutralises them
45
How do phagocytes kill pathogens
Phagocytes engulf and ingest pathogens by using their digestive enzymes
46
How do lymphocytes kill pathogens
Lymphocyte makes and releases specific antibodies (?) They are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen They bind to the antigens and kill the pathogen
47
What is the primary response
When you have been exposed to a particular pathogen you will have produced antibodies specific to that pathogen. Some of the lymphocytes that produced these antibodies stay in the circulatory system—memory cells
48
Secondary response
If you are exposed to the same pathogen again, the lymphocytes can quickly produce the specific antibodies again in very large numbers so that the pathogen is destroyed. Happens so quickly that the pathogen does not have the chance to reproduce and start to release toxins The infected individual does not suffer from any symptoms—they are immune to the pathogen/disease Secondary response ___. Slower to decrease /. \_ /. \ / 1 response / _. / / \ / _____/. \__________/
49
Types of immunity
Active immunity—primary+secondary responses Passive immunity—receive antibodies from someone else who has already had the infection: Breast feeding—baby has short term protection from some infections Via the placenta during pregnancy, e.g. whooping cough Injection of another person’s antibodies, e.g. COVID, anti-venom
50
Which diseases do we currently have successful vaccination programs for
Malaria Yellow fever Meningitis Hepatitis Tetanus Polio Rubella Measles Mumps HPV
51
Which part of the pathogen must be included in the vaccination if it is going to stimulate an immune response response
The antigen
52
How does vaccination provides immunity against disease
1. Vaccination—Dead/weakened pathogen is injected into the body 2. Primary response—WBCs produce specific antibodies against the antigen. delay (slowly) 3. Secondary response—‘real’ pathogen enters, WBCs produce MORE antibodies MORE rapidly, kill pathogen 4. Immunity—pathogen doesn’t reproduce, no symptoms of the disease! :)
53
Groups of people who are not ale to be vaccinated
People on immuno-suppressants Newborn babies Elderly People with HIV Cancer patients Vaccines don’t work on some people (rare)
54
Why might some people choose not to be vaccinated
They think they’re protected by herd immunity Close Adverse effects Propaganda Religious reasons
55
Herd immunity
By vaccinating a large proportion of the population, the spread of disease is also reduced this is because there are fewer individuals within the population who can become infected and spread the disease No one is vaccinated—pathogen spreads through the population Some of the population is vaccinated—pathogen spreads through some of the population Most of the population is vaccinated—spread of the pathogen is contained
56
Painkillers vs antibiotics
Painkillers help relieve the symptoms of an infection but don’t kill the pathogen that is causing it Antibiotics kill the pathogen that is causing the disease
57
How do antibiotics work
Penicillin works by killing bacteria inside the body Not all antibiotics wok on all bacteria, therefore it is important that the correct antibiotic is used to treat a specific infection The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial dieseases
58
Bactericidal antibiotics vs bacteriostatic antibiotics
Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria Bacteriostatic antibiotics keep them from reproducing
59
Problems with using antibiotics
Cannot kill viruses—do not work on viral infections Overuse means that strains of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics
60
A good medicine must be:
Effective—must prevent/cure disease OR relieve symptoms (efficacy) Safe—it must not be too toxic or have unbearable side effects Stable—can be stored for some time Dose controlled
61
Stages of drug development
1. Drug discovery—computer simulations; identity chemicals which could potentially act as drugs 2. Pre-clinical—tested on cells, tissues and organs; test for toxicity 3. Preclinical—tested on animals; find out how it works in a living organism 4. Clinical Phase 1— healthy volunteers; look for side effects 5. Clinical Phase 2—small group of patients; test if it works (test the efficacy) 6. Clinical Phase 3—large group of patients; establish the optimum dose 7. Ongoing Phase 4—monitored after license granted; monitor for rare side effects or long term effects Peer reviewed throughout

BIOLOGY GCSE (20 decks)

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