1.1 Cell Structure

Question 1

Nervous system

Answer 1

Brain, eyes, spinal chord

Question 2

Digestive system

Answer 2

Oesophagus, pancreas, stomach

Question 3

Excretory system

Answer 3

Liver, kidney, bladder

Question 4

Respiratory system

Answer 4

Lung, bronchi, trachea

Question 5

Reproductive female

Answer 5

Ovary, uterus, vagina

Question 6

Reproductive male

Answer 6

Testes, penis, scrotum

Question 7

Circulatory

Answer 7

Veins, heart, arteries

Question 8

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

Animal, plant, fungi, Protista

Animal + plant :
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome (protein synthesis) , mitochondria

ONLY plant:
Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

Question 9

Prokaryotic cells (look into more w/ paper flash card)

Answer 9

Bacteria

All:
DNA loop, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, cell wall, cell membrane

Some prokaryotes:
Slime coat, flagellum

Question 10

Neurone structure

Answer 10

Elongated cell body

Lots of projections at ends of cell

Question 11

Red blood cell structure

Answer 11

Shape is small and a biconcave shape

No nucleus

Flexible

Question 12

Sperm cell structure

Answer 12

Has flagellum

Contains enzymes in the head region (acrosome)

Contains many mitochondria

Question 13

Muscle structure

Answer 13

Lots of mitochondria

Proteins that slide over each other

Question 14

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria

Only plant:
Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

Question 15

Red blood cell structure

Answer 15

Shape of cell is small and biconcave

No nucleus

Flexible

Question 16

Sperm cell structure

Answer 16

Has flagellum

Contains enzymes in the head region

Contains many mitochondria

Question 17

Muscle structure

Answer 17

Lots of mitochondria

Proteins that slide over each other

Question 18

Root hair cell structure

Answer 18

Long projection

Large permanent vacuole

Lots of mitochondria

Question 19

Xylem cells structure

Answer 19

Dead cell with no end walls

Lignin forms in the walls

Question 20

Phloem cell structure

Answer 20

Companion cells

Sieve plates separate cells

Question 21

Neurone - elongated cell body

Answer 21

Allows it to carry impulses over long distances

Question 22

Neurone - lots of projections at ends of cell

Answer 22

Allows it to connect to and communicate with other nerve cells and muscles

Question 23

RBC - shape is biconcave

Answer 23

Biconcave to maximise surface area which allows for maximum O2 absorption

Question 24

RBC - no nucleus

Answer 24

So there is more space for haemoglobin therefore more O2 can bind

Question 25

RBC - flexible

Answer 25

So they can squeeze through small blood vessels (capillaries)

Question 26

Sperm cell - has flagellum

Answer 26

Enables it to swim to the egg

Question 27

Sperm - enzymes in head region

Answer 27

Digest through the jelly coat and cell membrane of an egg cell when it meets one

Question 28

Sperm - Contains many mitochondria

Answer 28

Releases energy from respiration so that the flagellum can move back and forth for locomotion

Question 29

Muscle - lots of mitochondria

Answer 29

Provide energy for contraction

Question 30

Muscle - Proteins that slide over each other

Answer 30

Allows the fibre to shorten and contract

Question 31

Root hair - long projection

Answer 31

To t=increase rate of absorption of water via osmosis and mineral ions by active transport

Question 32

Root hair - large permanent vacuole

Answer 32

Stores sap, speed up movement of water

Question 33

Root hair cell - lots of mitochondria

Answer 33

Provide energy for active transport of minerals

Question 34

Xylem cells - dead cells with no end walls

Answer 34

Creates a long hollow tube

Question 35

Xylem cells - lignin forms in the walls

Answer 35

Strong to with stand pressure

Question 36

Phloem cell - companion cells

Answer 36

Provides energy for transport

Question 37

Phloem cell - sieve plates separate cells

Answer 37

Allows movement of substances between cells

Question 38

Magnification

Answer 38

How much larger the image is compared to real life

Question 39

Resolution

Answer 39

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image

Question 40

Light microscope advantages

Answer 40

- cheaper than electron - easier to use - shows image in colour - can use living specimens

Question 41

Light microscope disadvantages

Answer 41

- resolution too low to see organelles other than nucleus - relatively long wavelength - resolution and magnification lower than electron microscopes

Question 42

Electron microscopes advantages

Answer 42

- resolution and magnification is much higher than light microscope - magnify up to 2,000,000 times - can distinguish two objects as close as o.2 nm

Question 43

Electron microscope disadvantages

Answer 43

- Expensive - larger - require special training to use it - not in colour - specimen needs to be dead

Question 44

Microscopy calculation

Answer 44

Magnification = measured size/real size of object M = I/O