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Psychology 312A > Basic Concepts and Measurement and Manipulation Terms > Flashcards

Basic Concepts and Measurement and Manipulation Terms Flashcards

1
Q

4 Types of Independent Variables

A
  • Physiological
  • Experience
  • Stimulus/Environmental
  • Participant
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2
Q

Independent Variable - Physiological

A
  • altering a participants physiological state

- eg. how effective is a particular drug

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3
Q

Independent Variable - Experience

A
  • Manipulation in the amount or type of training/learning

- Eg. mass vs. distributed learning of a sport

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4
Q

Independent Variable - Stimulus/Environmental

A
  • Manipulation of some aspect of the environment

- Eg. examining the effects of changing various conditions on worker performance

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5
Q

Independent Variable - Participant

A
  • Aspects of the participant

- Eg. age, gender

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A
  • Variable that is measured to see the effects of the independent variable
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7
Q

How to select a Dependent Variable

A
  • relate back to your hypothesis
  • operationally definable
  • specific
  • VALID and RELIABLE
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8
Q

Vaildity

A

measures the construct you want it to measure

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9
Q

Reliability

A

gets consistent results

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10
Q

Types of Dependent Variables

A
  • Correctness (%)
  • Rate/Frequency (how often?)
  • Degree or Amount (how much?)
  • Latency or Duration (how fast? how long?)
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11
Q

Nuisance Variables

A
  • unwanted variables that increase the variability of scores within groups
  • Affects ALL groups
  • Makes it harder to see the effect
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12
Q

Experimental Control - 4 Steps

A
  1. Randomization
  2. Elimination
  3. Constancy
  4. Balancing
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13
Q

Experimental Control - Randomization

A
  • Each participant has an equal chance of being
    assigned to any group in an experiment
  • impossible to know potential extraneous variables
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14
Q

Experimental Control - Elimination

A
  • Specific extraneous variables completely removed

from the experiment

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15
Q

Experimental Control - Constancy

A
  • When it is impossible to completely remove an
    extraneous variable, a researcher may try to minimize
    its effects by having it remain constant for all participants
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16
Q

Experimental Control - Balancing

A
  • When it is impossible to completely remove an
    extraneous variable, a researcher may try to minimize
    its effects by distributing it to all groups equally
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17
Q

Order Effects

A
  • When position in a series affects how participants respond

- Depends on POSITION

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18
Q

Carryover Effects

A
  • When the effects of one event influence responses to the next event
  • Depends on EVENT
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19
Q

Counterbalancing

A
  • Vary the order in which items are presented
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20
Q

Complete Counterbalancing

A
  1. Each event must be presented to each participant an equal number of times
  2. Each event must occur an equal number of times at each session
  3. Each event must precede and follow each of the other events an equal number of times
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21
Q

Confounding Variable

A
  • unintended influence on DV

- Render findings meaningless

22
Q

4 Types of Observable Measures

A
  • Verbal responses
  • Nonverbal responses
  • Overt actions
  • Physiological responses
23
Q

2 Types of Measurement Error

A
  • Random error

- Bias error

24
Q

3 Sources of Measurement Error

A
  • Experimenter
  • Participant
  • Observer
25
Q

Measurement Error - Experimenter

A
  • RE - noise, temperature

- BE - experimenter characteristics/expectancies

26
Q

Experimenter Expectancies

A
  • When the expectations of the experimenter affects how to participant behaves
  • aka Rosenthal effect
27
Q

Controlling Experimenter Expectancy Effects

A
  • Standardization
  • Objectivity
  • Single-blind research
28
Q

Measurement Error - Participant

A
  • Random Participant Error (Carelessness,Distraction)

- Participant Bias (Demand Characteristics, Good Participant Effect, Response Bias)

29
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Features of an experiment that seem to inadvertently cause participants to act in a particular way

30
Q

Good Participant Effect

A

Tendency for participants to behave as they perceive the researcher wants them to behave

31
Q

Together, Demand Characteristics and the Good Participant can lead to ____________

A

pact of ignorance

32
Q

How to Control Demand Characteristics?

A
  • double-blind research

- false information to participants

33
Q

Observer Error

A
  • Random observer error (carelessness/distraction)

- Observer/scorer bias (confirmatory bias)

34
Q

Is observer bias or random observer error more important to avoid?

A

observer bias

35
Q

How to Control Observer Error?

A
  • make observer blind
  • eliminate human observer
  • reduce observer subjectivity
36
Q

Construct Validity

A

the manipulation or measure actually represents the claimed construct

37
Q

Construct Validity Criteria

A
  • Reliability
  • Content validity
  • Convergent validity
  • Discriminant or divergent validity
38
Q

3 Reliability Techniques

A
  • Test-retest reliability
  • Inter-rater (inter-observer) reliability
  • Internal consistency
39
Q

Content Validity

A
  • the measures content is relevant to the concept
40
Q

Content Sources

A
  • theory
  • definitions
  • experts
41
Q

Convergent Validity

A
  • measure correlates with other indicators of the same construct
42
Q

How to Assess Convergent Validity?

A

Similar measures
Known groups comparisons
Other indicators of construct

43
Q

Discriminant Validity

A
  • measure is distinguishable from other constructs

- related and unrelated

44
Q

Sensitivity

A
  • ability of measures to detect effects
45
Q

How to achieve Sensitivity in Measurement?

A
  • Avoid restriction of range
  • Ceiling and floor effects
  • Avoid all or nothing measures
  • Ask how much instead
  • Add scale points to a rating scale
  • Pilot test measure
46
Q

Nominal scales:

A

numbers are labels, classification

47
Q

Ordinal scales

A

often ranks, used to order data, only used as greater than or less than

48
Q

Ratio scales

A

true zero, ratio relationship between scale values (twice as much, 1/3 as large)‏

49
Q

Interval scales

A

difference between scale values is consistent (equal)‏

50
Q

Discrete variable

A

Variable that can take on only a small set of possible values

51
Q

Continuous variable

A

Variable that can take on any value within some interval

Psychology 312A (5 decks)

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