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Anatomy > Topic 3: Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Topic 3: Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

The Cell

A
  • Basic structural and functional unit of the body
    • can perform all basic life functions
    • atom loses election and becomes a positive ion (cation)
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2
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell

A
  1. Cell membrane/Plasma membrane/Plasmalemma
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Non-membranous organelles
  4. Membranous organelles
  5. Nucleus
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3
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Membrane Proteins
  4. Membrane carbohydrates
  5. Microvilli
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4
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

Phospholipid bilayer

A
  • phosphate head group (hydrophilic)
  • FA tails (hydrophobic)
  • Divides ICD + ECF
    • →intracellular fluid (ICF) = inside cell
    • →extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cell
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5
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

Cholesterol

A
  • scattered throughout membrane
  • adds stability to the cell membrane
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6
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma

composed of?

what are the types of membrane proteins

A
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
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7
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell: Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma is composed of?

Membrane Proteins: integral proteins

  • what does it contain?
  • what do some do and what is that called?
A
  • within a membrane have a hydrophobic region
  • some extend across entire membrane = transmembrane (some do not extend throughout entire membrane)
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8
Q

Principle Parts of the Cell: Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/Plasmalemma is composed of?

Membrane Proteins: peripheral proteins

A
  • attached to either surface of integral proteins
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9
Q

Principle parts of the cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/ Plasmalemma composed of?

Membrane carbohydrates

A
  • only on outer surface
  • bound to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)
  • functions
    • cell recognition (e.g. egg and sperm)
    • anchor cells together
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10
Q

Principle parts of the cell

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane/ Plasmalemma composed of?

Microvilli

  • definition:
  • function:
  • where is it best seen?
A
  • small projections of cell membrane
  • function
    • increase surface area
  • best seen on cells of the small intestine and kidney
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11
Q

function: microvilli

A

increase surface area

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12
Q

function: membrane proteins

A
  • enzymes
  • transporters
  • channels
  • receptors
  • anchors - hold cells to one another
  • identity markers (for immune system)
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13
Q

function: mebrane carbohydrates

A
  • cell recognition (e.g. egg and sperm)
  • anchors cell together
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14
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane:

Fluid

Mosaic

A

fluid: membrane constituents can move around (phospholipids + some proteins)

mosaic: proteins dot durface like tiles in a mosaic

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15
Q

Principle parts of the cell

Cytoplasm

  • where is it located?
  • how many divisions?
A
  • AREA between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus
  • 2 divisions
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16
Q

Melanin

A

Skin color

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

stored glucose

Polysaccharide

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

A
  • one of the two divisions of cytoplasm
  • gel-like intracellular fluid
  • contains water and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • may contain inclusions
    • example: melanin, glycogen
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19
Q

Cytoplasm

Organelles

A
  • one of the two divisions of cytoplasm
  • structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life
    1. non membranous
      • in direct contact with cytosol
    2. membranous
      • surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol
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20
Q

Cytoplasm → Organelles

non membranous

A

in direct contact with cytosol

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21
Q

Cytoplasm → Organelles

membranous

A

surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

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22
Q

Principle parts of the cell

Non-Membranous organelles

A
  • ribosomes
  • centrosomes
  • cytoskeleton
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23
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles

Ribosomes

  • what happens here?
  • site for what?
  • what does it contain?
  • may be located where?
    • ​what is the difference between where they are located?
A
  • where we take amino acids to join covalent bonds
  • sites for protein synthesis
  • contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) + proteins
  • may be:
    • free in cytosol - make proteins destined for cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus
      • attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - make proteins destined for all other sites
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24
Q

what does the ribosome contain?

A

proteins and have own RNA

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25
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles

Centrosomes

A
  • dense area of cytoplasm, usually contains 2 centrioles (function uncertain - some cells lack them)
  • organizes microtubules to form spindle apparatus (for cell division)
  • organizes cytoskeleton
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26
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles

Cytoskeleton

  • what does it determine?
  • it is formed by what?
  • what is its function?
  • what are the types of cytoskeletons?
A
  • determines cell shape (cell support)
  • Formed from proteins
  • functions:
    • important in cell movement, cell division, movement/anchoring of organelles + proteins (e.g. receptors, enzymes)
  • 3 types:
    • microfilaments
    • intermediate filaments
    • microtubules
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27
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

A
  • made of actin → made of protein
  • function:
    • muscle contraction (with myosin)
    • cell locomotion
    • maintenance of cell shape and projections (e.g. microvilli)
    • cytokinesis
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28
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton

function: microfilaments

A
  • muscle contraction (With myosin)
  • cell locomotion
  • maintenance of cell shape and projections (e.g. microvilli)
  • cytokineses
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29
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton

intermediate filaments

A
  • composition is tissue specific
    • e.g. keratin
  • function
    • support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)
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30
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton

function: intermediate filaments

A
  • support the cytoplasm (scaffolding for the cell)
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31
Q

Principle parts of the cell → Non-Membranous Organelles→ Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

A
  • hollow tubes made of tubulin
  • function
    • form:
      1. centrioles
      2. spindle apparatus
      3. cilia (short)
      4. flagella (long)
    • structural → make up structure of cells skeleton
    • move or secure organelles in place
32
Q

what functions do the membrane proteins have?

A
  • enzymes
  • transporters
  • channels
  • receptors
  • anchors -> holds cells to one another
  • identity markers (for immune system)
33
Q

fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A

​fluid - mebrane constituents can move around (phospholipids + some proteins)

mosaic - proteins dot surface like tiles in a mosaic

34
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the cytoplasm?

A
  1. cytosol
  2. organelles
35
Q

describe the cytosol of the cytoplasm

A
  • gel like intracellular fluid
    • contains water and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
    • may contain inclusions …e.g. melanin (pigment), glycogen (stored glucose)
36
Q

describe the organelles of the cytoplasm

A
  • structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life
  • 2 types
37
Q

what are the 2 types of organelles of the cytoplasm

A
  1. non membranous
  2. membranous
38
Q

describe the non-membranous organelles of the cytoplasm

A
  • in direct contact with cytosol
39
Q

describe the membranous organelles of the cytoplasm

A

surrounded by membrane that isolates them from the cytosol

40
Q

Name the membranous organelles

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
41
Q

Membranous Organelles

Mitochondria

A
  • site of ATP synthesis
  • contains own DNA, RNA, + proteins
  • have a double membrane
42
Q

Membranous Organelles

ER

A
  • Membranous network throughout the cytoplasm
  • 2 types
    • rough ER
    • smooth ER
43
Q

Rough ER

A
  • ribosomes attached - synthesis of secretory, lysosomal and membrane proteins
44
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Lacks attached ribosomes
  • continuous with Rough ER (RER)
  • synthesized lipids + steroid hormones
45
Q

Membranous Organelles

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

A
  • stacks of membrane discs
  • modifies (e.g. trims or adds CHO groups), sorts, packages, and delivers proteins/lipids to cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion (cellular post office)
46
Q

Membranous Organelles

Lysosomes

A
  • break down things
  • filled with digestive enzymes
  • digest bacteria, viruses, worn-out organelles (clean up function)
47
Q

Nucleus

  • definition
  • also what are the parts of the nucleus?
  • cells may have one or more nuclei true or false?
A
  • Largest membranous organelle
  • cell control centre
  • cells may have 1 or more nuclei
  • Parts:
    • nuclear envelope
    • nucleolus
    • chromosomes/chromatids
48
Q

nuclear envelope of nucleus

and what is it CONNECTED to

A
  • double membrane with nuclear pores
  • connected to ER
49
Q

nucleolus (>1 in some plants)

-what region?

A
  • non-membranous
  • dense (less light gets through) region of DNA, and proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled
50
Q

chromosomes/chromatids of nucleus

A
  • contain DNA + histone proteins
  • can be:
    1. dipersed = chromatin
    2. condensed + individually visible
51
Q

dispersed = chromatin of chromosomes of chromatids

A
  • DNA uncoiled + not individually visible
  • in this form MOST of the time (when cell is not dividing)
52
Q

condensed + individually visible chromosomes

A
  • found in dividing cells (during mitosis/meiosis)
53
Q

what organelle containts

ribosomal RNA + proteins?

A

ribosomes

54
Q

what contains water and suspensions of carbs, proteins, and lipids?

A

cytosol

55
Q

what organelle has these functions?

  • muscle contraction (With myosin)
  • cell locomotion
  • cytokinesis
  • maintance of cell shape and projection
A

microfilaments

56
Q

what may contain inclusions?

A

cytosol

57
Q

what has these functions?

  • enzymes
  • transporters
  • identity markers (for immune system)
  • receptors
  • anchoring (hold cells to one another)
  • channels
A

membrane proteins

58
Q

what forms:

  • spindle apparatus
  • centrioles
  • cilia (short)
  • flagella (long)
A

microtubules

59
Q

what makes up structure of cells skeleton?

A

microtubules

60
Q

what moves or secures organelles in place?

A

microtubules

61
Q

what has this function?

cell recognition?

A

membrane carbohydrates

62
Q

what has this function?

anchors cells together

A

membrane carbohydrates

63
Q
A
64
Q

largest membrane organelle

A

nucleus

65
Q

cell control center

A

nucleus

66
Q

dense region of DNA and proteins where ribosomes are made and assembled

A

Nucleolus

67
Q

what organelle organizes microtubules to form spindle apparatus?

A

centrosomes

68
Q

what is made of actin?

A

microfilaments

69
Q

small projections of cell membrane

A

microvilli

70
Q

what increases surface area

A

microvilli

71
Q

what is best seen in small intestine and kidney?

A

microvilli

72
Q

what is important in cell division, cell movement, movement/anchoring of organelles and proteins?

A

cytoskeleton

73
Q

what contains DNA + histone proteins

A

chromosomes

74
Q

what are bounded to glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

membrane carbohydrates

75
Q

hollow tubes made of tubulin

A

microtubules

76
Q

membranous network throughout cytoplasm

A

ER

Anatomy (27 decks)

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