Quiz 5 Flashcards
Define osteology, basic unit, calcium, foramen, and foramina.
Osteology: study of the skeletal system; 200 + 6 bones (3 bones per ear that fall off after death)
Basic Unit: bone (as an organ) has osteocytis, or bone cells
Calcium: in all bones; oxidizes to a yellowish tint
Foramen: large opening; eg. bottom of skull
Foramina: smaller, closely joined openings used for ligaments, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves; eg. sacrem
What are the five major bone functions?
- Support: acts as the framework or structure of the body 2. Protection: protects vital organs from trauma 3. Blood Cell Production: aka hemopoeisis within red bone marrow 4. Mineral Storage: of calcium within yellow bone marrow 5. Detoxification: removal of liquid toxins from the body
What are the three areas of the human skeleton?
*act as three branches to one system
- Axial: “axis” of the body; acts as framework and protection of vital organs; includes the skull (brain), vertebrae and backbones (spinal cord), ribs (lungs and heart)
- Appendicular: “appendages” that function in movement; include limbs and girdles (pectoral for shoulder, pelvic for hip)
- Articulations: “articulate” or connect the other branches; include joints
Define ossification. What are the two types of ossification?
aka bone formation, or the process of bone hardening from cartilage; cartilage + blood (calcium) = bone
- Intramembranous: takes place immediately after birth; clavicle (collarbone) is the first to ossify to support head, fontanel is the last to ossify; requires calcium (milk or baby formula) to begin ossification over a quick period of three months; produces five types of sutures *exception: broken bones always rejoin in a serrated suture and will not re-break at that location
- Endochondral: occurs everywhere but the skull and over a long period of time (18-21 years); uses cartilage parts to allow for bone enlargement; bone grows from outside in; uses joints, not sutures to connect bone
What are sutures used for? What are the five types of sutures?
act as a joint in the skull; should never move after being formed
- Serrate: jagged
- Lamboidal: looped
- Gomphosis: actual teeth within jaws
- Dentate: teeth-like
- Squamosal: flat, almost straight
Define condyle and epicondyle; process, tuberosity, and trochanter.
Condyle: smooth rounded end; ball in “ball and socket” joint
Epicondyle: two smaller rounded heads; traditional bone endings
Process: lump on bone to attach ligaments, tendons, or blood vessels
Tuberosity: medium rough projection
Trochanter: large rough projection; typically twisted
Bone Anatomy
Periosteum: bright, white wrap of fibers around living bone; provides all blood/nourishment and allows for osmotic exchange
Epiphysis: growth ends of bone; location of endochondrial ossification
Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
Matrix: soft, cancellous (spongy) bone; houses red bone marrow
Medullary Canal: tubular hollow within compact bone; houses yellow bone marrow and acts as a storage for calcium and other deposits
Define gingiva, crown, neck, root, maloclussion, pyrrhea, carie, oral, and buccal.
Gingiva: gums
Crown: bone covered with enamel
Neck: naked bone; no enamel covering
Root: contains nerves
Maloclussion: bad or unaligned jaw; causes headaches
Pyrrhea: severe gingivitis caused by bacterial infestation
Carie: aka cavity; caused by bacteria that have eaten away at the enamel
Oral: opening or stoma
Buccal: includes everthing in mouth
What are dentitions? What are the two types of dentition?
aka teeth, or the gomphosis joint within jaws
Deciduous: aka temporary or baby teeth; are cartilagenous with no bone or nerves; only 16
Permanent: 32 total, 16 per jaw (mandible. maxilla); 2-1-2-3 pattern for 2 pair of incisors, 1 pair of canines (cuspids), 2 pairs of premolars (bicuspids), 3 pairs of molars (tricuspids)
What is the bafological curve?
aka backbone or natural curve of the body; crawling as a baby allows for such alighnment, which is essential for healthy organ growth and function
in-out-in-out for cervical (neck), thorax (chest), abdomen (lower back), and pelvis (hips)
What are the divisions of the bafological curve?
all vertebraes are cushioned by dense cartilage, called invertebral disks
Cervical: C1-C7; characterized by dual lateral foramen to allow for blood vessels; allso has bifid split that aligns nerves
Thoracic: T1-T12; downward spinal process
Lumbar: L1-L5; large oval body ad hatchet shaped spinous process; heart shaped
Sacral: S1-S5; fused together through ossification, resulting in serrated sutures
Cocyx: typically comprised of 4 bones; aka tail bone; may lead to paralysis if damaged
What are the ribs and how is it characterized?
part of axial skeleton and protects lungs and heart
Sternum: comprised of three majors parts to form rib cage; head (manubrium), body (fundus), tail (xhyphoid process)
12 Paired Ribs: 7 true ribs (attached directly to sternum by ligaments/cartilage); 3 false ribs (attached to true ribs); 2 floating ribs (no attachment to sternum, but attached in the back to bafological curve)
AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL
- cranium (skull)
- maxilla
- mandible
- sternum
- ribs
- vertebrae
- sacrum
APPENDICULAR
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- ulna
- radius
- carpals
- phalanges
- metacarpals
- coxal bone
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
PECTORAL GIRDLE
- clavicle (collar bone)
- scapula (shoulder blade)
- humerus (upper arm)
- ulna
- radius (larger epiphysis than ulna’s)
- carpals (wrist)
- metacarpals (hand)
- phalanges (finger)
PELVIC GIRDLE
- pubic symphysis
- femur (upper leg)
- patella (knee cap)
- tibia (larger epiphysis than fibula’s)
- fibula
- tarsals (ankle)
- metatarsals (foot)
- phalanges (toes)
KNEE, ANTERIOR VIEW
- femur
- hyaline cartilage
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- meniscus (2)
- fibula
- tibia
- ligament
- patella (present after crawling phase)
- tendon
PELVIC BONES
aka hip bones; comprised of ilium (yellow), ischium (red), and pubis (blue)
Symphysis Pubis: opening of pelvis; visiblein female childbirth
Acetabulum: pocket; coated with cartilage
BONE
- spongy matrix (with red bone marrow)
- process
- compact bone
- blood vessel
- periosteum
- medullary canal (with yellow bone marrow)
- epiphysis (2)
- diaphysis
