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LS 2 Midterm 1 > Midterm 1: Lec 3 Slides > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Lec 3 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organelle?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What is the nuclear envelope’s structure?

A

2 membranes perforated by nuclear pores

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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA combined with protein; “uncondensed” or uncoiled chromosomes

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4
Q

What does each chromosome contain?

A

One long molecule of DNA, comprising many genes

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5
Q

What happens at the nucleolus?

A

Ribosome assembly; cell may have more than one

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6
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid material within the nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Network of proteins (lamins) which maintains the nucleus’s shape

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8
Q

When do chromosomes form the X shape?

A

Just prior to cell division

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9
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Floating in cytoplasm, attacked to rough ER, or in energy-producing organelles (mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma)

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10
Q

Ribosomal structure

A

Type of RNA with protein; has small subunit and large subunit

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11
Q

Endomembrane system (what is it and what’s in it)

A

Series of interrelated membranes and compartments in eukaryotic cells; comprises endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (“endogolgi reticulatus”)

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12
Q

Why would cells have more ER?

A

They synthesizes proteins for export

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13
Q

What takes place in the smooth ER?

A

Hydrolysis of glycogen and steroid synthesis

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14
Q

Smooth vs. Rough ER - what’s the difference?

A

No ribosomes vs. yes ribosomes

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15
Q

What takes place in the rough ER?

A

Manufacture of proteins for export/incorporation into membranes/movement into endomembrane system organelles; also addition of short sugar chains to proteins

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16
Q

Regions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis region: closest to nucleus

Trans region: closer to cell surface

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17
Q

What happens in Golgi?

A

Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins; synthesis of some polysaccharides for cell wall

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18
Q

Describe vesicle movement as related to the Golgi

A

Vesicles from rough ER fuse with cis region, and secretory vesicles are pinched off of trans region

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19
Q

What do signal sequences do in proteins?

A

Direct them to their cellular destinations

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20
Q

What signal sequence directs polypeptide chain to the ER?

A

Hydrophobic sequence of ~25 amino acids at the beginning of the polypeptide chain

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21
Q

Mitochondria function (specific, not just powerhouse of the cell)

A

Convert energy from food into ATP (energy currency of cell)

22
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Inner and outer membrane; inner membrane folds to form cristae

23
Q

What is in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Ribosomes and DNA

24
Q

What does it mean if a cell has more mitochondria?

A

It is very active (e.g., heart muscle)

25
Q

What is the size of mitochondria?

A

Small, similar in size to many bacteria

26
Q

What is the function of plastids and where are they found? Give an example of a plastid.

A
  • Present in plants and some protists
  • Manufactures or stores food
  • Example is chloroplast
27
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Surrounded by 2 unfolded membranes; inner membrane forms thylakoids (stack of flattened disk-like sacs)

28
Q

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

A

Grana

29
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

Thylakoid membrane

30
Q

What is in the stroma fluid and where is it?

A
  • Located in inner membrane of chloroplast

- Contains suspended grana, ribosomes and DNA

31
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Larger prokaryotes engulfed smaller prokaryotes (aka mitochondria and chloroplasts)

32
Q

Lysosome function

A

Participate in phagocytosis and contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes (“suicide bags”)

33
Q

What replaces lysosomes in plant cells?

A

Large vacuoles (perform same role)

34
Q

Peroxisome function (and found where?)

A

Use oxygen to carry out metabolic reactions like creation of hydrogen peroxide; uses other enzymes to break down molecules like H2O2; also functions in lipid breakdown
-found in plant and animal cells

35
Q

Glyoxysome function (and found where?)

A

Break down lipids in plant cells (only found in plant cells)

36
Q

Vacuole function (and found where?)

A

Store waste products and provide turgor (keeps plants rigid); only in plant cells

37
Q

Components of primary lysosome (4) and functions?

A

Proteases (break down proteins), lipases (break down lipids), nucleases (break down nucleic acids), carbohydrate-digesting enzymes

38
Q

How does the interior pH of lysosomes compare to the cell?

A

It’s acidic (pH 5.5) compared to pH 7 of normal cell - why compartmentalization is good

39
Q

What lysosome problem is central to Tay Sachs disease?

A

Inability to break down gangliosides, a type of lipid

40
Q

Autophagy

A

Breakdown of worn-out cell organelles

41
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Maintain cell shape, facilitate cell movement, and certain fibers are “motor protein” tracks

42
Q

Cell wall - which cells have it?

A

Plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists

43
Q

Extracellular matrix location and composition

A

Surrounds animal cells; composed of proteins (collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycan)

44
Q

Cytoskeleton components

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

45
Q

What are microfilaments and what do they do?

A

Strands of actin; involved in movement during animal cell division, and muscle contraction

46
Q

What are intermediate filaments and what do they do?

A

Tough, fibrous protein molecules twisted into rope-like structures - stabilize cell structure (e.g., keratin)

47
Q

What are microtubules and what do they do?

A

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin; involved in structure and function of cilia and flagella, centrioles, and organelle movement - important in mitotic spindle

48
Q

What do dynein and kinesin (motor proteins) do?

A

Use energy from ATP to change their shape and move things

49
Q

What structures are unique to plant cells?

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles (animal cells may have small ones)

50
Q

What structures are unique to animal cells?

A

Flagella, centrioles, extracellular matrix (plant cells may have it)

LS 2 Midterm 1 (7 decks)

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