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LS 2 Midterm 1 > Midterm 1: Lec 6 Glycolysis/Cell Resp Slides > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Lec 6 Glycolysis/Cell Resp Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Where do autotrophs get energy and what do they do with it?

A

They use light energy to synthesize food molecules

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2
Q

What are the stages of extracting energy from food?

A

Digestion and catabolism

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3
Q

What happens in digestion?

A

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones by enzymes

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4
Q

What happens in catabolism?

A

Enzymes take apart molecule fragments and extract energy at each stage

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5
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule converted into 2 pyruvate molecules - process is anaerobic

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6
Q

Equation for aerobic pathway of glucose catabolism

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

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7
Q

When oxidation/reduction occurs, what is actually being transferred?

A

Hydrogen atom, which is H+ and e-

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8
Q

What is the difference between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent?

A

Oxidizing agent gets reduced (by losing e-, it allows reduction to occur) and reducing agent gets oxidized

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9
Q

What function does coenzyme NAD+ serve and what are its forms?

A

It’s an electron carrier or shuttle in many redox reactions

  • Oxidized form is NAD+
  • Reduced form is NADH (+plus H+)
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10
Q

What is the full name of NAD+?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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11
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis resulting from the re-oxidation of electron carriers in the presence of O2 (transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2)

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12
Q

What happens during the respiratory chain?

A

NADH (and FADH2) molecules transfer electrons to series of membrane protein complexes

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13
Q

What are the types of membrane protein complexes involved in the respiratory chain (3)?

A

NADH Q reductase, cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase

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14
Q

What happens during chemiosmosis?

A

Protons diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase (channel protein); energy of proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis - coupling of proton-motive force and ATp synthesis

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15
Q

What is the order of the proteins/molecules in the electron transport chain?

A 
NADH-Q reductase
Ubiquinone (nonpolar lipid)
Cytochrome c reductase
Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c oxidase
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16
Q

What types of proteins are the ones in the ETC?

A

Integral: NADH-Q reductase, cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase
Peripheral: cytochrome c

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17
Q

What accepts electrons from FADH2 in the ETC?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase (produces less ATP than electrons from NADH)

18
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

It’s a proton channel that couples proton movement to ATP synthesis

19
Q

Describe the experiment used to support the hypothesis that an H+ gradient can drive ATP synthesis.

A
  • Mitochondrion (purified) placed in pH 8 solution
  • Add ADP, Pi, and O2 (ATP ingredients)
  • Create artificially imposed pH gradient by moving pH 8 mito to pH 4 solution (protons will want to move into mito)
  • Result: Despite no electron transport, ATP formed from ADP and Pi
20
Q

What organelles carry out chemiosmosis, and why is mitochondria different?

A

Chloroplasts, bacteria, mitochondria
-Mitochondria different because “oxidative phosphorylation” only occurs there; chloroplasts and bacteria don’t use oxygen

21
Q

Describe the experiment used to prove that ATP synthase is needed for ATP synthesis.

A
  • Used artificial system
  • Involved bacteriorhodopsin (retinal linked to protein)
  • Inserted bacteriorhodopsin into phospholipids, which pumps protons into a vesicle
  • When ATP synthase inserted with ADP and Pi on outside of vesicle, ATP was created
22
Q

Why is bacteriorhodopsin important?

A
  • Found in halobacteria; is retinal linked to protein
  • When O2 low, bacteriorhodopsin uses protein (light-driven proton pump) to harvest light
  • Photons strike it and energy of the photon is absorbed, allowing the bacteria to create a proton gradient
23
Q

Glycolysis: How many steps and where does it occur?

A

10 separate enzymatic reaction; occurs in cytoplasm

24
Q

What are all the products of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (net gain), 2 NADH (and 2 H+), 2 pyruvate molecules - this is for each glucose

25
Q

What are other names for the Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

26
Q

What are the steps in pyruvate oxidation?

A

-In mitochondria: pyruvate oxidized to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA - 2 C)

27
Q

What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citric/tricarboxylic acid and CoA

28
Q

What are the products of one turn the Krebs cycle?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, small amount of GTP (its energy is transferred to ATP) - remember that there are 2 turns for each glucose, one per pyruvate

29
Q

What is the ATP yield for NADH and FADH2?

A

2.5 ATPs per NADH, 1.5 ATPs per FADH2

30
Q

Hydrogen acceptors/carriers in the Krebs cycle

A

NAD, FAD

31
Q

Why are NADH and FADH2 energy-rich?

A

They have a pair of electrons with high transfer potential; when the electrons are transferred to molecular O2, a lot of energy is released (it can be used to generate ATP)

32
Q

What is caused by electron transfer through carriers (ETC)?

A

Pumping of protons from the matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

Where are protons going when they flow through ATP Synthase?

A

Back into the matrix

34
Q

What happens in fermentation and in what conditions?

A

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate; anaerobic conditions

35
Q

What can happen to lactic acid after fermentation?

A

(1) Transported to liver, reconverted to pyruvic acid and then glucose - gluconeogenesis
(2) Stay in cell until O2 available again, then be reconverted to pyruvic acid and sent through Krebs

36
Q

Overall equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O2 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP

37
Q

Where does fermentation occur (for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes)?

A

Cytoplasm

38
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: on plasma membrane
Eukaryotes: matrix

40
Q

Where does the respiratory chain occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: on plasma membrane
Eukaryotes: inner membrane of mitochondria

LS 2 Midterm 1 (7 decks)

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