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Anat20006 > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic mammalian form?

A

1 proximal bone

2 distal bones

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2
Q

What are the two ends and attachments of the clavicle?

A

Sternal end attaches to sternum

Acromial end attaches to scapula

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3
Q

What are features of the scapula?

A

Flat bone

fossae for muscle attachments

The scapula spine separates fossae

Two processes - acromion and coracoid

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4
Q

How do you tell apart the coracoid and acromion processes?

A

acromion points anteriorly

acromion continuous with the scapula spine

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5
Q

What defines the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

The region where the bone tapers

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6
Q

What defines the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

Where the bone goes from smooth to rough

Where the joint capsule attaches

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7
Q

What are the articular surfaces/condyles of the humerus?

A

Capitulum (small)

Trochlea (large)

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8
Q

What are the tuberosities and grooves of the humerus?

A

Lesser/greater tuberosities

Bicipital groove containing biceps tendon

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9
Q

What are the two epicondyles at the elbow and their function?

A

Medial and lateral

Attach muscle

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10
Q

What are common fracture sites of the humerus?

A

Surgical neck

Midshaft

Supracondylar

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11
Q

What fibrous tissue connects ulna and radius?

A

Linked by interosseous membrane

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12
Q

What is the form of the radius proximally and distally?

A

Small proximally

large distally

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13
Q

What purpose does the interosseous membrane serve?

A

Increases surface area for muscle attachment

Spreads force

Allows supination/pronation

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14
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the ulna?

A

Trochlea notch (large proximal ulna to large trochlea condyle)

Radial notch

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15
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the radius?

A

Fovea (attaching to capitulum)

Ulnar notch (attaching to ulna)

[Carpal articulation]

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16
Q

What are the tuberosities of the ulna?

A

Olecranon process

coronoid process

styloid process

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17
Q

Where is the ulna larger and smaller?

A

Larger proximally

Smaller distally

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18
Q

What does and doesn’t the ulna articulate with?

A

With humerus and radius

not with wrist

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19
Q

What are the tuberosities of the radius?

A

Radial tuberosity (biceps attachment)

Styloid process

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20
Q

Which bones articulate the wrist?

A

Radius with the scaphoid and lunate

(lunate is medial)

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21
Q

What are the joints of the clavicle and what types are these?

A

Acromioclavicular joint - Plane synovial

Sternoclavicular joint - saddle synovial

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22
Q

Sternoclavicular joint type?

A

saddle synovial

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23
Q

What adds mobility and stability to the sternoclavicular joint?
Is the capsule strong or weak?

A

intra-articular disc adds mobility and stability

strong ligament and capsule

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24
Q

What joint type is the acriomioclavicular joint?

A

Plane synovial

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25
Q

What deepens the glenohumeral joint?

A

glenoid labrum

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26
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus - in supraspinous fossa (superior)

Infraspinatus - in infraspinous fossa (posterior)

Supscapularis - in subscapular fossa (anterior)

Teres minor - along lateral border (posterior)

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27
Q

What allows for extra ROM in the shoulder?

A

The scapulo-thoracic joint

Works through harmonious motion of both the shoulder and scapula

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28
Q

Is the acromioclavicular joint capsule strong or weak?

What stabilises it?

A

Weak capsule

Stabilised by strong long ligament from the coracoid

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29
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow and what feature accompanies this type of joint?

A

Hinge synovial joint

Collateral ligaments outside capsule

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30
Q

Which bone moves during pronation/supination?

A

Radius moves around ulna

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31
Q

A midshaft fracture of the humerus damages what nerve?

A

Radial nerve

(extension of digits and wrist lost)

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32
Q

What joint type are the proximal and distal radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot synovial

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33
Q

What ligament keeps the head of the radius against the ulna notch?

A

Annular ligament

(Only attaches to the ulna and wraps around the radius)

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34
Q

What ligament attaches across diagonally from the humerus to the annular ligament?

A

The radial collateral ligament

35
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Condyloid

36
Q

What feature of the radiocarpal joint allows circumduction?

A

The articular disc

37
Q

What kind of joints are the carpometacarpal joints?

A

Saddle I

Plane II-V

38
Q

What are the types of metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Hinge I

Condyloid II-V

39
Q

What types of deep fascia can be found in the upper limb?

A

Interosseus membrane between radius and ulna

Retinaculae - fascia for pulling on digits

Aponeurosis - adheres palm skin to muscle

Digital sheaths - connected to retinaculae

40
Q

Where do the superficial muscles of the back attach?

A

Shoulder/scapula

41
Q

What are the muscles of the scapulo-humerus?

A

Deltoid

Biceps

Rotator cuffs

42
Q

What are the three anterior muscles of the arm and their relative positions?

A

Biceps brachii (long head lateral/short head medial)

Brachialis (deep to biceps brachii) [strong flexor]

Coracobrachialis (under short head of biceps brachii)

43
Q

What movement do the muscles of the anterior arm compartment perform?

A

Wrist and finger flexion

44
Q

Where is the common flexor origin for the superficial anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Medial epicondyle

45
Q

Where do tendons of muscles in the forearm pass through?

A

Through the carpal tunnel under the flexor retinaculum

46
Q

Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Median nerve

47
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

3

48
Q

How many layers of muscle are there in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

2

49
Q

Where is the common origin for the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Lateral epicondyle

50
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A

Muscles at the base of the thumb

51
Q

Where are the hypothenar muscles?

A

base of the pinkie

52
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the upper limb?

A

Subclavian artery

53
Q

What structure does the subclavian artery run under and what is it called thereafter?

A

The clavicle

Axillary artery

54
Q

What artery is occluded in BP readings?

A

Brachial artery

55
Q

Why can pulse be felt at the wrist?

A

The ulnar artery is quite superficial

56
Q

What artery is used for coronary artery grafts?

A

Radial artery

57
Q

What structure do arteries pass on the wrist and where do they pass relative to it?

A

Over the flexor retinaculum

(Avoid compression in case of swelling)

58
Q

What kind of arteries are digital arteries?

A

End arteries

59
Q

Why are veins present on the dorsal side of the hand as opposed to the palm?

A

Veins are thin walled

Pressure applied in gripping shuts down veins

60
Q

What level of fascia are veins in the hand found?

A

Superficial

61
Q

What vein runs anterolaterally along the arm?

A

Cephalic

62
Q

What vein is used for blood tests?

A

Median cubital vein

(location consistent)

63
Q

What vein is the basilic vein a branch of?

A

Axillary vein

(Location posterior, upper arm)

64
Q

What nerves are included in the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

65
Q

What nerve roots make up the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior - C5, C6

Middle - C7

Inferior - C8 T1

66
Q

What divisions of the brachial plexus innervate the flexors of the upper limb?

A

Anterior

67
Q

Which nerves from the brachial plexus are anteriorally compartmentalised?

A

Musculocutaneous

Median

Ulnar

68
Q

Which nerves from the brachial plexus is posteriorly compartmentalised?

A

Radial

Axillary

69
Q

Arising from the uppermost trunks (C5,6,7) of the brachial plexus, the musculocutaneous nerve innervates what?

A

Elbow flexors

Anterolateral forearm skin

(also pierces the coracobrachialis)

70
Q

What muscles and skin does the median nerve innervate?

A

Anterior forearm muscles

Thumb (thenar) muscles

3 1/2 digits

71
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the hand (except thenar)

1 1/2 digits

72
Q

What structure does the median nerve pass through?

A

Carpal tunnel

73
Q

What prevents superior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Coracoacromial ligament

74
Q

Does the ulnar nerve pass over or through the carpal tunnel? What trunks does it arise from?

A

Over (anteriorly)

C8,T1

75
Q

What does the axillary nerve supply?

A

Deltoid

Military patch

76
Q

What nerve roots does the axillary nerve arise from and what injuries is it susceptible to?

A

C5,6

Fracture of surgical neck of humerus

77
Q

The radial nerve arises from the entire brachial plexus, what does it innervate?

A

Entire posterior arm + forearm skin and muscles

Some posterior skin of hand

78
Q

Which nerve roots innervate the most distal skin of the limbs?

A

C7

S1

79
Q

The more proximal movements are controlled by nerves ____ and the distal movements are controlled by____in the brachial plexus

A

higher

lower

80
Q

How are C5,6 commonly injured and what are the outcomes of this injury?

A

During birth, head pulls away from shoulder

Results in paraesthesia in dermatomes and paralysis in myotomes C5,6

Elbow unable to flex, forearm unable to supinate

Erb’s palsy

81
Q

Fracturing the surgical neck of the humerus damages what nerve?

A

Axillary nerve

(Can no longer abduct shoulder)

82
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome affects which nerve?

A

Median nerve

(Thenar muscle motor function lost)

83
Q
A
84
Q
A

Anat20006 (11 decks)

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