CH4 Flashcards
Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
-Similar in chemical structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane of _________
+Phospholipid bilayer embedded with _______
-Proteins in bilayer perform specific functions
+Transport
+Maintain cell_____
+Attachment of proteins to ________ structures
+Receptors for cell _______
+Proteins in outer layer which bind to a specific ______
-Membrane contains_______ for strength
Animal cells contain _______
Fungal cells contain _______
Difference in sterols target for ________medications
Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
Similar in chemical structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane of prokayote
Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
Proteins in bilayer perform specific functions
Transport
Maintain cell integrity
Attachment of proteins to internal structures
Receptors for cell signaling
Proteins in outer layer which bind to a specific ligand
Membrane contains sterols for strength
Animal cells contain cholesterol
Fungal cells contain ergosterol
Difference in sterols target for antifungal medications
Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
*Transport across eukaryotic membrane
-Some molecules pass through membrane via _____ ____
Transport proteins function as ______or ________
________analogous to prokaryotic membrane proteins that mediate facilitated diffusion and active transport
E.g., the ABC transport system
__________ create small pores in membrane for ions
Channels have “_______” that can be opened or closed depending on __________ conditions
-Others cross membrane via ______or _______
Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
Transport across eukaryotic membrane
Some molecules pass through membrane via transport proteins
Transport proteins function as carriers or channels
Carriers analogous to prokaryotic membrane proteins that mediate facilitated diffusion and active transport
E.g., the ABC transport system
Channels create small pores in membrane for ions
Channels have “gates”** that can be opened or closed depending on **environmental conditions
Others cross membrane via endocytosis or exocytosis
Process by which eukaryotic cells bring in material from surrounding environment: (___________)
EX: Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Endocytosis
_________ most common type in animal cell
Pinch off small portions of own membrane along with attached material
*Internalize vesicle and contents
Vesicle called _________
Sometimes specific______ internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis
- *-Pinocytosis** most common type in animal cell
- Pinch off small portions of own membrane along with attached material
- *Internalize vesicle and contents*
- Vesicle called endosome
- Sometimes specific ligands internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis
*(____________)
-Important in body defenses
Phagocyte sends out pseudopods to surround microbes
Phagocyte brings microbe into vacuole (called a ______)
Phagosome fuses with a ________ (sack of enzymes and toxins)
Fusion of phagosome and lysosome creates __________
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
_*Important in body defenses_
Phagocyte sends out pseudopods to surround microbes
Phagocyte brings microbe into vacuole (called a phagosome)
Phagosome fuses with a lysosome (sack of enzymes and toxins)
Fusion of phagosome and lysosome creates phagolysosome
*(___________)
*Reverse of endocytosis
Vesicles inside cell fuse with________ membrane
Releases contents into _________ environment (secretion)
*Exocytosis
_*Reverse of endocytosis_
Vesicles inside cell fuse with plasma membrane
Releases contents into external environment (secretion)
Eukaryotic cells have unique_________that distinguish them from prokaryotic
Cytoskeleton
Composed of three elements
1)
2)
3)
*AIM
Eukaryotic cells have unique structures that distinguish them from prokaryotic
Cytoskeleton
Composed of three elements
**Microtubules
Actin filaments
Intermediate fibers**
Cytoskeleton
*(_____________)
Thickest of cytoskeleton structures
-Long hollow cylinders of protein subunits called ______
-Form mitotic spindles
-Main ________ in cilia and flagella of eukaryotes
Cytoskeleton
- *Microtubules**
- Thickest* of cytoskeleton structures
Long hollow cylinders of protein subunits called tubulin
_*Form mitotic spindles_
Main structures in cilia and flagella of eukaryotes
Cytoskeleton
*(____________)
Composed of actin polymer
Enable cell cytoplasm to _________
Assembles and________ causing motion
e.g., pseudopod formation
Cytoskeleton
Actin filaments
Composed of actin polymer
Enable cell cytoplasm to move
Assembles and disassembles causing motion
e.g., pseudopod formation
Cytoskeleton
_*Intermediate fibers_
Function to____________cell
Enable cells to________ physical stress
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate fibers
Function to strengthen cell
Enable cells to resist physical stress
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella
___________ Flagella
-9+2 arrangement
___ pairs of microtubules surrounding __ individual
-Thus made of _____
-Covered by plasma membrane
Function in _______ by whipping back and forth
*(______________)
- Shorter than flagella
- Often cover cell
- Can move cell or propel surroundings along stationary cell
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella
Eukaryotic Flagella
9+2 arrangement
9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 individual
Thus made of tubulin
-Covered by plasma membrane
Function in motility by whipping back and forth
- *Cilia**
- Shorter than flagella
- Often cover cell
- Can move cell or propel surroundings along stationary cell
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella
Prokaryotic Flagella
Made of hollow tube of_______ protein
_______ to plasma membrane
Motility is via _____
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Flagella
Prokaryotic Flagella
Made of hollow tube of flagellin protein
External to plasma membrane
Motility is via rotation
___________ have numerous organelles that set them apart from prokaryotic cells
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria and chloroplast
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome and peroxisomes
Eukaryotes have numerous organelles that set them apart from prokaryotic cells
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria and chloroplast
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome and peroxisomes
*(__________)
_*Distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cell_
-Contains __________
-Area of DNA replication
__________ = asexual
_________ = sexual
- *Nucleus**
- *Distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cell*
Contains DNA
Area of DNA replication
- *Mitosis** = asexual
- *Meiosis** = sexual
*(_______________)
_*Site of energy production_
Surrounded by membrane________
Inner and outer membrane
Contains _______
Mitochondria
_*Site of energy production_
Surrounded by membrane bilayer
Inner and outer membrane
Contains DNA
*(______________)
_*Found only in plant and algae_
Site of __________
Surrounded by two membranes
Chloroplast
*Foundonly in plant and algae
Site of photosynthesis
Surrounded by two membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Divided into rough and smooth
_______ ER
Embedded with ribosomes
Site of ________ synthesis
________ ER
Lipid synthesis and degradation
_________ storage
Endoplasmic reticulum
Divided into rough and smooth
Rough ER
Embedded with ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis and degradation
Calcium storage
Golgi apparatus
- Consists of a series of membrane bound_____ ______
- Modifies _________produced in endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
- Consists of a series of membrane bound flattened sacs
- Modifies macromolecules produced in endoplasmic reticulum
