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POS 2 > Vax and Diagnostics Smallies and Equine > Flashcards

Vax and Diagnostics Smallies and Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Outline an ideal vaccine

A
  • provides protection against all strains of pathogen
  • prevents infection and shedding
  • provides rapid and long lived immunity after single dose
  • induces immunological memory so minimal boosters required
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2
Q

2 possible vaccine composition

A 
> passive (ab)
- colostrum 
- anti-serum 
> active (ag +- adjuvant) 
- modified live 
- killed
- toxoid
- subunit 
- recombinant
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3
Q

Which immunoglobulins are best at stimulateing cell mediated and mucosal protection?

A
  • IGA muosal

- IgG cell mediated

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4
Q

Up to what age may MDA interfere with vax?

A

12-14w

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5
Q

After 14w of age, how many doses do modified live vax require? Inactivated/subunit?

A
  • mod live 1 dose
  • subunit min 2 doses 2-3w apart
    > boosters q6mo-3y depdning on manufacturer guidelines
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6
Q

Youngest possible age to vax

A

6w, never younger than this

6-12w grey area (hemce multiple doses required)

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7
Q

What 3 sources of information on vaccinations will you receive?

A
  • WSAVA guidelines
  • VMD datasheets
  • vaccine manufacturers assocaiton
    > different recommednations!
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8
Q

WSAVA guidelines on vax dogs?

A 
> core 
- CDV (distemper) 
- CPV (parvo) 
- CAV (infectious hepatitis) 
\+- rabies endemic areas
> non-core
- Letospirosis
- KC (Pi, BB, coronavirus) 
> 1* course 3 injections @ 8, 12 and 16 weeks 
- post vax serology 
- booster @ 1y then no more frequently than 3y (Lepto, Pi, BB need yearly) 
- serology to see if booster required
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9
Q

WSAVA guidelines on vax cats?

A 
> Core 
- Calicivirus (catflu)
- Herpesvirus (catflu)
- Panleukopenia (enteritis)
\+- rabies endemic
> Non-Core 
- FeLV
- Chlamydia
- BB 
> 1* course 3 injects @ 8, 12 and 14w
- post vax serology
- booster @ 1yo then no more freq than 3y
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10
Q

What 2 dose regimes are commonly used and why?

A
  • allows earlier socialising
  • 1st @ 6-8w
  • 2nd @ 9-10w
    ( should have 3rd @ 16w to ensure full imunity but this may not be on the data sheet)
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11
Q

If booster lapses do you need to restart 1* course?

A

NO! memory cells still present just need stimulating (Ab may have waned)

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12
Q

Are vax 100% effective if given by the data sheet?

A

NO

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13
Q

How effective are FIV and FIP vax?

A 
> FIV
- Fel-O-vax 
- 2 strains covered
- 70% effective
> FIP 
- actually enteric coronavirus (not FIP) 
- IgA intransala vax
- kittens often exposed before vax so not very effective
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14
Q

How can ‘vaccines’ be used therputically?

A
  • DNA vax (human tyrosinase) for tx canine malignant melanoma
  • desensitising immunotherapy
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15
Q

Which website should be checked for current legislation on rabies vax?

A

www.gov.uk/take-pet-abroad

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16
Q

Is the Leishmania vaccine effective?

A

> CaniLiesh

  • 3 doses 3w apart
  • boosted annually
  • not v efficacious but will v clinical dz
17
Q

How effective are the core cat vaccines?

A

Cat flu vax not very effective - don’t prevent infection just minimise clinical signs and shedding so likely to become a latent carrier
- may experience flare-ups when old/weak/immunocompromised
> panleukopenia good vax, effective

18
Q

Potential adverse effects of vaccination?

A
  • RARE
  • often mild (transient pyrexia and lethargy)
  • allergic reactions IgE mediated occasionally occour (eg. facial pruritis and oedema)
  • link between adjuvate vax (FeLV and rabies) and feline ISS
    > Non-adjuvanted vax (eg. canarypox vector) available to avoid this
19
Q

What are rabbits vaccinated against?

A
  • myxomatosis
  • viral haemorrhagic disease
    > can get them in a combined vial now
20
Q

What can horses be vaccinated against?

A 
> passive 
- hyperimmune equine plasma for FPT foals 
- tetanus antitoxin (wounds) 
- rotavirus vax for pregnanct mare to roduce MDA for foal 
> active 
- equine influenza
- tetanus toxoid
~ equine herpes virus  (EHV1, EHV 4) 
~ MNV, EVA, strangles
21
Q

Current BHS/jockey club and FEI rules on equine vax?

A

> 1st dose - flu and tet
2nd dose - flu and tet 21-92d later [BHS/jockey club horses can compete 7d after this 2nd dose]
3rd dose - flu 150-215d later
Booster
- BHS/jockey: within 365d previous injection
- FEI: within 365d previous injection and within 6months +21d of FEI competition
Last vax must be administered min 7d before competing

22
Q

Reasons for vaccine failure

A
  • strinas/serotypes not protective against the infective cause (Feline calicivirus, leptospira serovars, influenza)
  • vax not stored properly or expired
  • not administered properly
  • animal too old/young (6-9w protocol this may be a problem)
  • interference MDA
  • prior exposure to pathofen (eg. FeLV, herpes)
  • genetic problem eg. MHC genes in Rottweilers pdf vax failure
23
Q

When is serology testing for response to vax seen in companion animals?

A

> rarely!
- DHP for dogs, CHP for cats poss
- rabies serology under PETS scheme used to be compulsory, not any more (test 3-4w post vax)
some brands better vax than others (Rabisin (merial) > Nobivac (MSD))

24
Q

Is there a vax for strangles?

A

Yes

  • equilis Strep E
  • withdrawn but relaunched
  • stimulates cell mediated immunity by injecting into lip
25
Q

What are the phases of antibody production and how may this affect serology testing?

A

> lag
- may be ab - even if infected (does not mean pathogen negative!)
- need 2 negative samples consequtively to decide it is negative (acute and convalescent sera 2-3w apart to show rising titres)
log
plateaux
decline
~ antibody isotype analysis also helpful
- IgM first Ab produced, normally wanes in favour of IgG
- if IgM>IgG then infection is acute

26
Q

Which tests are commonly performed in house or by labs for serology?

A
  • ELISA
  • RIM (rapid immune-migration assay)
  • IFAT (indirect immunofluorescent ab test)
  • VN (virus neutralising) assay
  • HA (haemaglutinin inhibition) assay
27
Q

DOGS Which pathogens are serological tests available for in the dog?

A
  • distemper
  • parvovirus
  • adenovirus
  • herpesvirus
  • coronavirus
  • parainfluenza
28
Q

DOGS What pathogens should you conisder in dogs with neurological disease, myositis or PUO?

A
  • toxoplasma gondii (IgM and IgG)
  • neospora caninum
    > serology
29
Q

DOGS What pathogens should you consider in dogs with acute kidney disease?

A
  • leptospira MAT serology (microscopic agglutination test)
30
Q

DOGS Which pathogens can be serologied if fungal rhinitis is suspected?

A
  • aspergillus
  • cryptococcus
    (as hard to culture serology prefered)
31
Q

DOGS What skin parasite can be detected serologically?

A

scabies

32
Q

CATS which serological tests are available for cats?

A
  • FIV (Ab SNAP test)
  • FeLV (Ag SNAP test)
  • Toxoplasma/Neospora
  • “Cat flu” feline calicivirus, herpesvirus and chlamydophila
  • FIP CARE
33
Q

Why should care be taken when interpretting FIP serology?

A
  • demonstrates exposure to enteric coronavirus NOT NECESSARILY the mutated version pregression to FIP
  • Dx should be based on clinical signs and lab findings
  • coronavirus titre > 640 would be consistent with the dz if clinical signs also present
34
Q

Where are many serological tests for horses available?

A
  • AHT
35
Q

Specific serology test available for horses?

A
  • EHV1 and 4 (abortion, resp and neuro dz)
  • EHV 3 (coital exanthema)
  • resp dz (influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus)
36
Q

When may serological tests be specifically required for equines?

A
  • import/export/breeding and sales
  • see DEFRA website for more details on import/export
    > Breeding
    -EVA and EIA most commonly
    > import
  • Vesicular stomatitis, Dourine, Glanders

POS 2 (28 decks)

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