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REHS Study > Vectors > Flashcards

Vectors Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 common categories of vectors

A

mosquitos, flies, cockroaches, rodents

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2
Q

Most mosquitos (are/are not) harmless. Only the (female/male) is a vector of diseases.

A

most are not harmless

only females are vectors

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3
Q

Why does the female mosquito need to take in blood of warm blooded animals?

A

In order to mature her eggs

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4
Q

What attracts a mosquito to a warm blooded animal?

A

The carbon dioxide

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5
Q

A mosquito inoculates the skin with an _________________ prior to taking blood. What purpose does it serve?

A

anticoagulant chemical

It desensitizes the area prior to the bite

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6
Q

A mosquito bite is considered an ________________

A

inoculation

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7
Q

List the names and times of the 4 stages of a mosquito life cycle

A
  1. egg laying (typically on stagnant water)
  2. larval stage 2-3 days eggs hatch, larvae are in water and come up to breath
  3. Pupa stage 4-10 days still in water, not as active
  4. Adult stage 48 hours then they sit on the water to let wings dry for 6 hours
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8
Q

The entire mosquito life cycle from egg laying to adult takes approximately _____________ days

A

11 to 16 days

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9
Q

Anopheles sp. (malaria) characteristics

A

adults sit at 45 degrees.

larvae don’t have physical breathing tube

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10
Q

Culex sp. (encephalitis) characteristics

A

adults sit at 45 angle.

larvae have long breathing tubes

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11
Q

Aedes sp. (yellow/dengue fever) characteristics

A

larvae have short breathing tube

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12
Q

What tool can inspector use for a larval survey

A

a mosquito dipper

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13
Q

What is a dry ice trap

A

device that uses CO2 to attract mosquitos and trap them for study

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14
Q

What is the purpose of using petroleum based oils (Tossits) on surfaces of ponds and lakes

A

it blocks mosquito larvae breathing tubes causing them to drown.

petroleum can’t be used in California so now some detergents are used instead.

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15
Q

Name two natural enemies of mosquitos that can be used to biologically control mosquitos. describe how they control mosquitos

A

Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) a minnow species that can consume up to 200 larvae a day.

dragon fly - dragon fly larvae eat mosquito larvae, and adult dragon flies eat adult mosquitos

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16
Q

When mosquito larvae control has failed what are ways to control adult mosquitos?

A

spraying insecticides
using screens/bed nets
protective clothing
repellents such as DEET, vitamin B 12, garlic

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17
Q

Name 6 diseases transmitted by mosquitos

A 
west nile virus
malaria
yellow fever
dengue fever
encephalitis
filariasis
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18
Q

Name 18 diseases a fly can cause

A 
onchoceriasis
bacillary dysentery
hepatitis
round worms
tapeworm
ameobiasis (cycsts)
typhoid fever
amoebic dysentery
fly larvae myiasis
whipworm
shigella
African sleeping sickness
paratyphoid fever
infantile diarrhea
pinworms
hookworm
salmonella
e-coli
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19
Q

describe the body characteristics of a fly

A

lower abdomen, thorax with single pair of wings, head with large compound eyes, mouth and antennae. three pairs of legs

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20
Q

larvae of flies is commonly known as ___________

A

maggots

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21
Q

What are two categories of fly species

A

biting variety

non biting variety

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22
Q

Name 6 types of biting flies

A 
horse fly
deer fly
stable
flesh fly
black fly
sand fly
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23
Q

Non-biting flies are also known as _____________ flies

Name some common non-biting flies

A

domestic or synanthropic flies

house fly
green bottle fly
bronze bottle fly
cluster fly
blow fly
screwworm fly
filter fly
moth fly
lesser house fly
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24
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the fly life cycle

A
  1. eggs - sometimes carried with the adult until ready to hatch. need moisture, warmth and nutrients
  2. larvae - aka maggots, active white worms
  3. pupa - not mobile, matures in soil
  4. adult fly
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25
Q

Name 4 things required for a fly to survive

A

Warm temperature
Moisture
Food Source
Soil

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26
Q

What is the food source of a fly

A

feces, decaying organic matter, food etc. they are not picky

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27
Q

How does a fly eat?

A

it regurgitates onto the food source and then consumes it. flies require moist food.

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28
Q

How can a fly cross contaminate?

A

e.g. would be feeding on dog feces then landing on your food and regurgitating diseases picked up from the dog feces

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29
Q

What time of day are flies active? Where do they typically rest?

A

active during the day.

Rest on edges and protected areas from wind

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30
Q

the average fly can travel at ____ mph

A

4 mph

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31
Q

A house fly can travel up to _____ miles in a 24 hour period

A

6 miles

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32
Q

Most flies usually remain in a vicinity of about _____ square miles

A

1 square mile

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33
Q

What is the life span of a fly?

A

ranges greatly.

2-4 weeks

can survive 6 months of hibernation

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34
Q

flies are inactive below ____F and killed below ____F and above ____F

A

45
32
112F

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35
Q

Phototropism refers to how flies are attracted to _______

A

light

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36
Q

house fly is scientifically known as ___________ and prefers to lay eggs in ______

A

musca domestica

feces

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37
Q

Features of the cluster fly/face fly

A

musca autumalis
cooler climates - attics
fly around faces of cattle
can cause pink eye

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38
Q

lesser house fly

A

fannia cunicularis
smaller than house fly
rarely lands

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39
Q

Stable Fly

A 
Stomoxys calcitrans
sits with rear end up in the air
warm areas of the gulf coast
vicious biters
breeds on horse manure
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40
Q

False stable fly

A

muscina stabulans
slightly large than house fly
attracted to human foods

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41
Q

Dump Fly

A

shiny black flies

common in cities near garbage

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42
Q

Tse-tse fly

A

tropical, Africa
brown colored
African sleeping sickness

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43
Q

Flesh Fly

A

sarcophagi occidua
red tip on abdomen
larvae used in civil war to debride wounds

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44
Q

bottle fly and blowfly

A

blowfly is green metallic
bottle fly is blue metallic

breed on dead animal flesh

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45
Q

black blow fly

A

black shiny thorax with blue/green abdomen

abundant in early spring

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46
Q

Black Fly

A

second in line to mosquitos for their blood sucking abilities
eggs laid on flowing water
swarm around human eyes, nose, mouth
bites become itchy

47
Q

Deer Fly

A

chrysops discalis
also rival mosquitos as they are vicious biters
atlantic coast and salt water/marsh lands

48
Q

Fruit Fly

A

drosphillidae
breed on decaying fruit
Mediterranean are very destructive
attracted to fruit liquor bottles and can end up dead inside

49
Q

_______ are one of the filthiest creatures in the world

A

flies

50
Q

The easiest way to eliminate flies is to eliminate their ________

A

potential breeding environments

pick up feces and control garbage and decaying matter

51
Q

If proper sanitation fails then fly larvae control can be accomplished by the following

A

spreading manure to dry
using pesticides
traps
sugar water bowls with oil drops

52
Q

What are three pesticide spraying types for flies

A

residual sprays
space sprays/aerosol bombs/space foggers - all for enclosed spaces)
aerial spraying (done by plane)

53
Q

alternatives to spraying pesticides for flies include

A 
fly baits
fly cords
resin strips
screening
air curtains
electrocution (zaps) uv light
sterile male flies (expensive)
biological control (insects, bacteria, fungi)
54
Q

What can bacillus thuringensis be used for?

A

fly control

55
Q

What are three devices use to trap flies for surveying

A

baited fly trap - set on ground, cheap method

fly cones - similar to fly trap

fly grill - most commonly used - gives faster assessment of population. the grill is placed over natural attractants

56
Q

___________________ is considered one of the most intelligent in the insect world

A

the cockroach

57
Q

cockroaches belong to what family of species?

A

Blattidae

58
Q

Do cockroaches bite?

A

no

59
Q

Different species of cockroaches can be identified based on markings on their ________________

A

pronotum (body shell)

60
Q

Name 4 species of cockroaches which can plague human residences and food establishments

A

german
brown banded
oriental
american

61
Q

german cockroach

A

blatella germanica
can come from potato sacks, onion bags, cardboard
most common
1/2-3/4 inch
pale to light brown with two longitudinal stripes
warm moist dark environments
7-10 months lifespan

62
Q

brown banded cockroach

A

supella longipalpa
1/2 ‘’ long
light brown color w/ one dark band

aka radio or TV roach
like warm dry environments
males can fly
3-7 months lifespan

63
Q

What are ootheca?

A

eggs of cockroaches

64
Q

oriental cockroach

A 
blatta orientalis
resemble a beetle
outdoors, moist dark water areas
cannot climb
shiny black
1-2 '' long
4-5 month lifespand
65
Q

American cockroach

A 
periplaneta Americana
largest of domestic cockroaches
3-4 '' long
red/brown may have dark spots
common in sewers
they can fly
66
Q

cockroaches are active at (day/night/both)

A

night time

67
Q

What is pyrethrum used for?

A

can be used to bring cockroaches out of hiding

68
Q

What does cockroach defecation look like and where can it be found?

A

small brown specks like ground pepper.

can stain walls
often in cabin doors and other crevices

69
Q

What does cockroach odor smell like?

A

can smell slightly sweet and musty

70
Q

Do cockroaches carry diseases?

A

no but they can mechanically transfer contamination since they tend to move around from dirty areas to clean areas.

71
Q

which cockroach species are more likely to cause an infestation inside?

A

german and brown banded

unless there is a plumbing leak then maybe the American or oriental

72
Q

What is the best method of cockroach extermination

A

tenting the premises with fumigation gas

it’s expensive though and required temporary relocation of tenants

73
Q

when spraying an apartment complex for cockroaches which direction should spray be applied?

A

from the outside to the inside

74
Q

after spraying pesticides for cockroaches how long do tenants usually need to stay out of the premises?

A

4-6 hours

75
Q

WHy are resprayings for cockroaches required 3-4 weeks after the intial spray?

A

because the eggs from the prior infestation could hatch

76
Q

What are the two common tenting gases used for cockroaches?

A

methylbromide

vikane

77
Q

What are 4 methods that consumers can use to treat cockroach infestations

A

home use pest control sprays
roach motel insect traps
combat insecticide baits
glue traps

78
Q

How does a roach motel work?

A

it’s a cardboard box with an odor attractant. an adhesive strip traps the roach

79
Q

How do combat insecticide baits work for cockroaches

A

black disposable plastic slotted with odor attractant and poisonous bait the cockroach does not die immediately so where you find dead roaches will be where the infestation is

80
Q

How can boric acid powder be used against cockroaches

A

they will groom themselves and then be poisoned.

the powder can be applied to crevices and other areas

81
Q

What is an illegal cockroach treatment

A

insecticide chalk from china

82
Q

List 8 rodent-borne diseases

A 
rat bite fever
murine typhus
leptospirosis
plague
salmonellosis
rickettsial pox
trichinosis
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
83
Q

describe the common victims of rat bats

A

sleeping children with food debris near the mouth. poor socio-economic environments

84
Q

Name 3 domesticated rodents of concern to environmental health

A

Norway rat
roof rat
house mouse

85
Q

Norway rat

A 
rattus norvegicus
adults 1 - 1.5 feet in length about 1 lb
thick tails shorter than body length
stocky body
grayish red, brown, black
small eyes
female litters of up to 8 rats as many as 7 times a year
"sewer rat"
prefer subground environments
do not like to climb
vicious
86
Q

roof rat

A 
rattus rattus
aka "laboratory rat"
smaller and less vicious
slender body and tail is 1/3 longer than body
1.5 ft lgnth
fur varies, brown, gray, black (light on underside)
large eyes and ears
litters of 6-8 up to 6 times a year
very good climber
lives in warmer climates, sourthern US and subtropical
live in higher elevations
pickier eaters
87
Q

house mouse

A 
mus musculas
smallest
2.5 to 3.5 inches long
tails are 2-4 inches longer than body
weight under an oz
gray brown fur
pointy nose and large eyes
under houses, between walls, cabbinets
can survive dry environments they like cereal grains
88
Q

describe the senses and physical abilities of rodens

A

eyes - poor sight, color blind
excellent hearing, sense of smell and taste
great balance and agility, can jump up to 2 feet
great swimmers
they run along walls because their hairs have a strong sense of touch
they are weary of strange things which prevent traps from working sometimes

89
Q

rodent dropping identification

A

Norway rat - large up to .75 inches long shaped like a capsule

roof rat - .5’’ droppings with banana shaped ends

house mouse - .25’’ droppings are very small and pointy rod shaped

90
Q

How can you tell fresh rodent droppings from old ones

A

fresh will be soft, moist, dark and shiny

grey or crumbly can be a few days or many weeks old

91
Q

how is tracking powder used in rodent identification

A

can be laid along walls and looked at by flash light to see if an infestation is present

92
Q

rubmarks

A

a dirty and oil mark left on wood beams often where rats infest

93
Q

Why do rodents gnaw?

A

because their front incisors grow 4-6 inches a year so they have to grind them down

results in wood being destroyed
electrical wires etc.

94
Q

which rodent burrows?

A

Norway rat

95
Q

What is a concrete L used for?

A

under housing and buildings to prevent Norway rats from burrowing into homes

96
Q

how can a home be rodent proofed?

A

vents should be screened
pipes should be no greater than 1/4 ‘’
bushes and trees should be cut back from building
make sure doors are flush

97
Q

What is the purpose behind ectoparasite control in rodents?

A

because rodents are an excellent vector to other organisms such as fleas.

powdered pesticides such as sevin, malathion and diazinon should be used.

98
Q

Name the 4 routes of absorption for pesticides

A 
stomach poisons (baits)
contact poisons (dusts)
fumigant poisons (inhaled)
dessicants (dries out the pest)
99
Q 
a highly toxic substance would have an LD50 of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mg/kg
toxic
moderately toxic
slightly toxic
non toxic
A 
5-50 highly
50-500
500-1000
1000-5000
5000 and up non toxic
100
Q

pyrethrum

A

botanical
LD50 of 1500
chrysanthemums

101
Q

What is allethrin

A

a synthesized form of pyrethrum with a higher toxicity level

102
Q

what is an example of pesticides with chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

DDT and lindane

103
Q

lindane

A

low doses are used for head lice

104
Q

ddt

A

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
BANNED!
LD50 of 500
very effective pesticide but remains stable for too long
bad for birds and other species in the environment because DDT does not break down

105
Q

Aldrin

A

LD50 of 60

soil poison for termites

106
Q

Chlordane

A

worked well on crawling insects but studies showed it vaporized and harmed people

107
Q

Methoxychlor

A

LD50 of 5000
flea, flies, moths
relatively non toxic
can be used around dairys

108
Q

organophosphaste -carbamates

A

extremely toxic affects CNS

109
Q

Name 6 anticoagulants used as rodenticides

A 
prival
warfarin
fumarin
diphacinone
chlorophacinone
PMP
110
Q

how do anticoagulants work as rodenticides (bait)

A

intake causes internal bleeding

however some rodents are resisting bait with anticoagulants

111
Q

Name 10 toxic poisons - only applied by license pest control

A 
red squill
1080
1081
ANTU
nor-bromide
strychnine
zinc phosphide - garlic smelling gray powder)
vacor
organophosphates and carbamates - CNS
paris green (mainly arsenic)
112
Q

What are vermin

A

noxious or objectionable insects or animals that pose a human health risk, damage or contaminate food or property or create annoyance. common e.g. include flies, cockroaches, rats and mice

113
Q

the most common cockroach found in the food establishment is ____________

A

german cockroach

114
Q

rats typically stay within ______ ft from their nests while mice stay within ______ ft from theirs

A

rats 150 ft

mice 30 ft

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