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Biology 210 > Chapter Two; Bio 210 (Cells) > Flashcards

Chapter Two; Bio 210 (Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that takes up space

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2
Q

Energy

A

ability to move matter (w=f/d)

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3
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy

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4
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

moving matter

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5
Q

Chemistry

A

study of matter and changes it undergoes

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6
Q

Inorganic v.s Organic Chemistry

A

Organic- always contain carbon (Carbons has to either bond with another carbon or hydrogen bond C-H or C-C)
Inorganic- do not have a carbon to carbon or a h-h bond

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7
Q

4 different types of energy

A

Thermal, Mechanical, Light, Electrical, Sound, Chemical, and Gravitational

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8
Q

Two laws of thermodynamics

A

1- Energy can not be created nor destroyed

2- In an energy transaction energy is always lost as heat

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9
Q

Element

A

are the building blocks of matter (pure substance)

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10
Q

Explain: Understanding the fundamental nature of life is accomplished within the context of chemistry

A

Life is always undergoing change, if one can understand chemistry, which is the study of matter and change it undergoes, one can understand the nature of life

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11
Q

Name six elements that make up about 98% of the human body? And 96%?

A

96%- CHON (carbon, hyrdogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

98%- Calcium and Phosphorus

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12
Q

Atoms

A

smallest particle of an element that can display the characteristics of that element, and enter into a chemical reaction
(H= one atom of Hydrogen, C= one atom of Carbon)

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

the center of an atom in which electrons move around

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14
Q

Proton

A

one positive charge

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15
Q

Neutron

A

no electric charge

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16
Q

Electron

A

one negative charge (2,8,18,32,50,72)

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17
Q

Isotopes of elements

A

(C-12; 6p 6n) (C-13; 6p 7n)

different number of neutrons in different atoms of the same element

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18
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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19
Q

Mass number (atomic mass)

A

of protons and # of neutrons

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20
Q

Atomic Weight

A

average mass number of all isotopes of an element

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21
Q

Outer energy level

A

valence shell

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22
Q 
Octet rule
(H and He only exceptions)
A

no matter how many shells exist in an atom from energy level to energy level seven, the max number of electrons in the valence shell is 8
(when atoms fill their valence shell the atoms are stable)

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23
Q

Ion

A

more electrons OR less electrons than protons

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24
Q

Cation +

A

more protons than electrons

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25
Q

Anion -

A

more electrons than protons

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26
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Cation + Anion
Ex: NaCl (see leather book for picture)
Ionic bonds are WEAK

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27
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms SHARE electrons to make new substances

Non Polar and Polar

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28
Q

Non Polar covalent bond

A

atoms of the same element form together because the same element has the same number of electrons
Ex: H + H => H2

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29
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

atoms shared unequally
Ex: H2+O => H2O (molecular compound)
covalent bonds are STRONGER than ionic bonds
(See leather book for picture)

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30
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

when a POSITIVE end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the NEGATIVE end of another polar molecule
(occur mostly between H,O,N)
weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
(their function is to hold molecules together and dictate shape of molecule)

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31
Q

Ionic bonding FACT

A

When atoms come together to form ionic bonds, the atoms DO NOT share valence electrons. Atoms give away or accept valence e-. This creates ions. The reason they stay together is because of the opposite charges between the cation and anion. Negative forces pull them together. Their bonds are WEAK and tend to cluster together forming crystaline structures… salt.

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32
Q

Molecules of elements vs compunds

A

Compounds: Only covalent compunds are molecules, not ionic because they do not share electrons.
Elements: non polar covalent bonds

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33
Q

Dissociate

A

when ions seperate.
Ex: NaCl is put into water. The cation goes towards the negative ends of h20 and the anion attracted to positive ends of h20.

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34
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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35
Q

Metabolism:
Anabolic
Catabolic

A

Anabolic- chemical reaction when smaller substances form larger substances
Catabolic- chemical reaction when larger substances BREAK into smaller substances

36
Q

Energy Flow in Chemical Reaction:
Energonic
Exergonic

A

Endergonic- stores energy

Exergonic- releases energy

37
Q

Reactants and Products in Chemical Reactions

A

Anabolic (endergonic)
Metabolism—–>
Catabolic (exergonic)

                        Endergonic (anabolic) Energy Flow----->
                        Exergonic (catabolic)
38
Q

4 Factors that influence the Rate of Chemical Reactions

* R C T C *

A

Reactants and ability to react: all elements react differently to other elements
Concentration of the reactants: greater the concentration, more likely the reacting molecules are to come into contact with one another
Temperature: greater the temp. greater the reaction
Catalysts: increase rate of chemical reaction without being changed in the reaction (enzymes)

39
Q

Synthesis Reaction
(Dehydration synthesis reaction)

ABC=A+B+C
Reactant=product

A

occurs when two or more reactants combine to form larger, more complex product
Ex: C6H12O6—> C12H22O11 + H2O
(Anabolic, endergonic reaction) STORES ENERGY

40
Q

Decomposition Reaction

Hydrolysis

A

occurs when reactants are broken down into smaller less complex products. (Digestion of food molecules)
Ex: C12H22O11 + H2O —–> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
(catabolic, exergonic reaction) RELEASES energy

41
Q

Water universal solvent for living organisms

A

Water dissaciates different compounds and elements because of the positive and negative attractions of H20 because of the polarity of water

42
Q

Water’s interactions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules

A

Hydrophilic- mixes with water (NaCl)

Hydrophobic- does not mix with water (fats, lipids, waxes)

43
Q

Importance of water because it is a polar molecule

A

Water can seperate compunds

44
Q

Water creates hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds allow other chemicals to attach to them to be transported throughout the blood such as nutirents. It attaches to the hydrogen bonds that water produces (H2O)

45
Q

ADP to ATP

A

ADP + P + E ====> ATP ( []-P~P~P )

ATP - P - E =====> ADP 9molecule has less energy than ATP)

46
Q

Electrolyte

A

soluble inorganic substance whose ions will conduct an electrical current when dissociated in a solution (ALL ionic compounds are electrolytes) SALT

47
Q

Acid

A

a substance that dissociates in water, releasing “free” hydrogen ions. ( H+ )
Buffers remove hydrogen ions when in a solution together

48
Q

Base

A

a substance that either accepts H+, or releases hydroxide ions in a solution ( OH- )

49
Q

Buffers

A

Resists rapid changes in pH. Weak acid and weak base. Bicarbonate buffer system in the blood (Buffer System)

50
Q

pH rising in blood

A

alkalosis

51
Q

pH falling in blood

A

acidosis

52
Q

Calcium

A

Ca can deposit elsewhere and can cause problems. Cowboy bones, calcium deposits in the heart

53
Q

Isomers

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure. Ex: Glucose and Fructose (C6H12O6)

54
Q

Amino Acid (monomer)

A

building blocks of proteins. AA-AA-AA-AA-AA (multiple AA’s put together are polymers)

55
Q

Proteins

A

contain C,H,O,N and most have sulfur.

56
Q

Carbohydrates

A

energy storage or energy usage (most sugars end in ‘ose’)

57
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (single sugars) only have 3 to 7 carbons
Ex: C6H12O6
Used for energy because it’s small

58
Q

Disaccharides

A

combining two monosaccharides together

Ex: Sucrose

59
Q

Polysaccharides

A

putting many and many of monosaccharides together. Ex: Starch and Cellulose (glycogen is animal starch)

60
Q

COOH

A

acid group

61
Q

Saturated Fats

A

no double C bonds

Ex: C-C-C-C-C-

62
Q

Unsatruated Fats

A

double Carbon bonds

Ex: C-C-C=C=C-C

63
Q

Fatty Acid

A

determines chemical property of Triglycerides

Determined saturation by the length of bond between carbon atoms (most are 14-18 carbons)

64
Q

Mono, Di and Triglycerides

A

One Fatty Acid, Two Fatty Acids and Three Fatty Acids bonded to glycerol. []=glycerole ()=water [____]=fatty acid
[___] =======> [][____]
enzymes

65
Q

Functions of Trigylcerides

A

Energy Storage
Insulation ** ( P I E ) **
Protection

66
Q

Phospholipids

A

most abundant molecules of plasma membrane in living cells. Important for structure and permeability

67
Q

Head of phospholipids

A

Polar, hydrophillic

68
Q

Tail of phospholipid

A

Lipid, non polar, hydrophobic

69
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol ! all steroids derived from cholesterol (Sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen and Bile Salts)

70
Q

Proteins

A

are polymers made of monomers called amino acids

-most abundant organic molecule in the body (20% of body weight) ALL contain CHON

71
Q

Polypeptide

A

2-99 amino acids

72
Q

Proteins

A

> 100 amino acids

73
Q

Peptide v.s Proteins

A

the only difference is the number of amino acids

74
Q

Functions of proteins in the body

A 
Catalysts
Structure and protection
Plasma membranes of cells
Transport
Receptors (sense that something is wrong) Markers (self v.s non self, kill anything that doesn't belong)
Muscle contraction
75
Q

Enzyme

A

increase the rate of a reaction without being permanently changed

76
Q

Substrates

A

attach to enzymes to carry out the enzymes function. (Lactase to lactose, fructase to fructose)

77
Q

Substration attachment

A

once a substrate attaches to the enzyme the enzyme breaks and quickly changes shape.

78
Q

Energy of Activation

A

minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction

79
Q

ENZYME EXAMPLE

A

molecule A…..
ENZYME……
molecule B…..

molecule A+moleculeB+ENZYME=> enzyme breaks=> moleculeAB

80
Q

Specificity

A

the enzymes can’t just react with ANYTHING

81
Q

Factors that affect enzyme catalyzed reactions

A

Cofactors and Cozenzymes
Temperature
pH
Concentration of enzyme or substrate

82
Q

Competetive Inhibition

A

when a substrate and another molecule compete for the active site of an enzyme

83
Q

Noncompetetive Inhibition

A

when a molecule beats the substrate to the allosteric site, In return, altering the shape of the active site

84
Q

Active Site

A

structural site where the substrate can perfectly fit in the enzyme

85
Q

Allosteric Site

A

the second site on an enzyme that can sometimes be a different site from the active site. (Square shape v.s round shape)

Biology 210 (13 decks)

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