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Biology 210 > Chapter 6; Bio 210 (Bones) > Flashcards

Chapter 6; Bio 210 (Bones) Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull- cranial and facial
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage- sternum, rib cage
Hyoid Bone-

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2
Q

Appendicular

A

upper and lower appendeges and skeletal girdles attaching them to the skeletal system

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3
Q

Upper Girdle or Shoulder Girdle (Pectoral)

A

Clavicle and Scapula

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4
Q

Lower Girdle or Pelvic Girdle (Coaxal)

A

Ilium and Ischium and Pubic bones

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5
Q

Three tissue types that form the skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage and ligaments

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6
Q

Three major types of skeletal cartilages

A

-hyaline, fibro, elastic

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7
Q

Flat Bone

A

sternum, cranial bones and scapula and ribs

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8
Q

Long Bone

A

longer than they are cylindrically wide and has epifecies

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9
Q

Irregular

A

any vertebrae bones, the entire coaxal bone

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10
Q

Sutural or Wormian

A

in the cranial bone that combine two bones

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11
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

ex: patella

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12
Q

Proximal and Distal Epihesis

A

ends of the bones

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13
Q

Proximal and Distal Metaphysis

A

ends before the ends of the bone

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14
Q

Diaphysis

A

area between proximal and distal epiphesis

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

outside lining of bone

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

inside of the bone (marrow cavity) yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

Spongy Bone

A

soft inside of the bone

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18
Q

Compact Bone

A

outside of the marrow

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19
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

found in spongy bone (hematopoesis)

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20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

stores energy

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21
Q

Epiphesial Plate

A

a juvenile bone that is still growing from hyaline cartilage until the cartilage ossifies at a later age

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22
Q

Epiphesial Line

A

once the bone is mature and the cartilage ossifies

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23
Q

Osteon

A

Rings around the central canal of osseous tissue (strength in the circular shape for compression)

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24
Q

Central Canal

A

Holes that contain vessels and nerves

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25
Q

Lamellae

A

distance between one concentric rings to another

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26
Q

Osteocyte

A

bone cell

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27
Q

Lacunae

A

composed of osetocytes

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28
Q

Canaliculus

A

tunnel through the extracellular matrix that connects lamellae and osteocytes

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29
Q

Sutures to know

A

Frontal, Saggital, Lambdoid, Squamous

30
Q

Olfactory Foramen

A

holes in the Ethmoid bone which enhances smell to the brain

31
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

composed of the ‘Crista Galli’ (holds connective tissues to hold brain in place) and the ‘Cribriform Plate’
*Cribriform- any plate with holes in it (noodles)

32
Q

Sella Turcica

A

holds the pituitary gland in the cranial cavity

33
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A
  • lesser and greater wing

- optic canal (optic nerve goes through the sphenoid bone to the optic canal)

34
Q

2 categories of ribs

A

true ribs and false ribs- floating ribs

35
Q

True Ribs

A

superior 7 pair of ribs

36
Q

False Ribs

A

Inferior 5 pair (Indirected hyaline cartilage)

37
Q

Floating RIbs

A

11 and 12 ribs

38
Q

Vertebral Column

A 
Cervical 1- 7 (C7 spinous process)
Thoracic 1-12
Lumbar 1-5
Sacral 5 fused
Coccyx 4 fused
39
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

largest body of all

40
Q

2/3 of bone made of and 1/3 made of

A

Calcium Phosphate (2/3) Collagen (1/3)

41
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

42
Q

Osteoblast

A

produces new bone matrix

43
Q

Osteoclasts

A

breaks done osteo cells
-releases hydrogen H ion and since there is always an abundant amount of Cl in interstitial fluid they bind together to form an acid which break downs bone.
-releases enzymes that go out and breaks down the protens
(enzymes break down proteins and acid breaks down ground substances)

44
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells that become osteocytes

45
Q

Preiosteum

A

2 layers of

  • tough outer fibrous layer
  • inner cellular layer
46
Q

3 functions of Periosteum

A

isolates bone from surrounding tissues
provides route for circulatory system
bone growth and repair

47
Q

Endosteum

A

lines the inside surfaces of bone

48
Q

Endosteum contains

A

osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells (active in bone growth and repair)

49
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue Membrane

A

once formed are called ‘membrane bones’ (intramembrous)

50
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

endochondral bone (most all bones)

51
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of cranium, mandible, and clavicles (parietal, occipital)

52
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

most all bones (begin as hyaline cartilage)

-begin after 8 weeks of development

53
Q

Postnatal Growth of Long Bones

A

Interstitial and Appositional

54
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

growth of a long bone in length

-occurs in epiphesial plates (ends and is called an epiphesial line)

55
Q

Appositional Growth

A

growth in diameter of long bone

  • osteoblasts make bone larger
  • osteoclasts breaks down the bone
56
Q

Collagen

A

protein fibers in bone

57
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

osteoblast activity - bones are getting stronger

osteoclast activity - bones are getting weaker

58
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

blood calcium falls

59
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

blood calcium rises

60
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

releases PTH which increases calcium ion levels in body fluids
-located posterior to thyroid gland

61
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone

62
Q

Steps of PTH (Calcium Homeostasis)

A

1-stimulates osteoclasts
2-increases intestinal absorption of calcium ions
3-decreases the rate of calcium excretion at the kidneys

63
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted from the Thyroid Gland which DECREASES calcium ion levels in body fluids

64
Q

Steps of Calcitonin

A

1- inhibits osteoclasts activity

2-increases calcium ion excretion at kidneys

65
Q

Calcium

A

muscle contraction
nerve impulses
bone matrix
blood clotting

66
Q

Phosphorus

A

ATP
phospholipids
bone matrix

67
Q

4 steps of Repairing Fractuces

A
  • bleeding produces clot (fracture hematoma) bone cells in area die, inflammation occurs
  • external and internal calluses form to stabilize break, clot dissolves and macrophages clean up area
  • both calluses are ossified over 4-6 weeks, first bone formed is spongy bone
  • osteoblasts and osteocytes continue to remodel the fractuce up to a year replacing spongy with compact bone
68
Q

Pott’s fractuce

A

distal ankle

69
Q

Colle’s fracture

A

distal radius

70
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

breaks but one end stays in place

71
Q

Osteoporosis

A

condition of severe bone loss extensive to impair normal function

Biology 210 (13 decks)

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