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Praxis > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Feelings of high or low self-worth.

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2
Q

Peer Pressure

A

The internal pressure one feels to behave as a peer group does, in order to gain its members’ approval.

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3
Q

Bullying

A

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

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4
Q

Body Image

A

The way you see your body.

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5
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotsky’s idea that learners should be given only just enough help so that they can reach the next level.

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6
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Erikson’s stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive.

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7
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

Erikson’s stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves.

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8
Q

Modeling

A

Learning by imitating others; copying behavior.

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9
Q

Teaming

A

To swap ideas, use two approaches for concept when material is complex, different points of view.

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10
Q

Integrated Curriculum

A

Curriculum in which concepts and skills from various disciplines are combined and related.

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11
Q

Integrated Unit

A

Lessons that integrate, or bring together, more than one content area in a single lesson.

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12
Q

Freshman Academy

A

Separate part of the school, with its own staff; just for Freshmen.

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13
Q

Mentoring

A

Advising people with less experience.

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14
Q

Process Writing

A

Prewriting, drafting, conference, revising, editing, publishing.

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15
Q

Cloze Method

A

A procedure where a word or words has/have been removed and the student must fill them in based on context clues.

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16
Q

Writing Across the Curriculum

A

Incorporating writing activities into science, social studies, math, and other subjects as appropriate.

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17
Q

Cooperative Learning

A

Small groups of classmates work toward common goals.

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18
Q

Jigsaw Learning

A

A cooperative learning strategy: groups find different pieces of information, then come together to combine it.

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19
Q

KWL Chart

A

Activating prior knowledge activity:

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23
Q

STAD

A

A cooperative learning method for mixed ability groups involving team recognition and group responsibility for individual learning.

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24
Q

Accommodations

A

Variables that can be: High-Tech. Low-Tech, and Social

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25
Q

Enrichment

A

Educational approach that provides a child with extra learning experiences that the standard curriculum would not normally include.

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26
Q

Monitoring

A

Classroom management technique: up and moving, eye contact, proximity, and overlapping.

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27
Q

Differentiating Instruction

A

A means of devising or creating multiple paths to achieve learning goals or objectives.

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28
Q

Graphic Organizer

A

A visual aid to help organize information.

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29
Q

Student Centered

A

Learning target focused on the student and his or her performance.

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30
Q

Discovery Learning

A

A constructivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves.

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31
Q

Reflect, Revise, Re-Teach

A

Post teaching strategy to help fix problems and gain the best results for students.

32
Q

Intentionality

A

Doing things for a purpose; teachers who use intentionality plan their actions based on the outcomes they want to achieve.

33
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

One’s belief in his or her own ability. (Bandura)

34
Q

Formative Assessment

A

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students’ understanding and inform and guide teaching.

35
Q

Summative Assessment

A

Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit.

36
Q

Informal Assessment

A

Ongoing classroom activities focused on individual achievements.

37
Q

Formal Assessment

A

The process of systematically gathering the same kind of information from every student.

38
Q

Developmentally Appropriate

A

Tasks that are suitable to a child given his/her age and interests.

39
Q

IDEA

A

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

40
Q

IEP

A

The Individual Education Plan developed for each child eligible for special education, based on the child’s unique needs.

41
Q

FAPE

A

All children must receive a free, appropriate public education at public expense. Principle of IDEA.

42
Q

LRE

A

Least Restrictive Environment.

43
Q

Constructivism

A

Theoretical perspective proposing that learners construct, rather than absorb, knowledge from their experiences.

44
Q

Transfer

A

Application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation.

45
Q

Metacognition

A

The awareness of one’s own cognitive process. (Thinking about thinking)

46
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

In Vygotsky’s theory, a range of tasks too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with the help of more-skilled partners.

47
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

48
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

49
Q

Readiness

A

The extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task.

50
Q

Bloom’s Taxonomy

A

Knowledge > Comprehension > Application > Analysis > Synthesis > Evaluation

51
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

52
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

When one becomes dependant on others and beginning to think that you have no ability to do for yourself.

53
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

(Skinner) A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.

54
Q

Direct Instruction

A

Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation.

55
Q

State Standards

A

Explicit statements specifying what students are expected to learn.

56
Q

Essential Question

A

A provocative question designed to engage student interest and guide inquiry into the important ideas in a field of study.

57
Q

Backward Design

A

A process for designing a curriculum or unit by beginning with the end in mind and designing toward that end.

58
Q

Scope and Sequence

A

Scope is what you are covering and sequence is when you are covering it.

59
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

60
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results.

61
Q

Stanine

A

Divide distribution of scores into 9 equal intervals (1=low, 9=high).

62
Q

Brown vs. Board of Education

A

1954 - Ruled that racial segregation in public schools was not equal, so could not occur.

63
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

64
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

65
Q

Concrete Operations Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 7-11) of cognitive development, in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality.

66
Q

Formal Operations Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations.

67
Q

Assimilation

A

In the theories of Jean Piaget: Attaching old schema to a new object.

68
Q

With-It-Ness

A

Awareness of what is happening in your classroom.

69
Q

Objectives

A

What students must know after a lesson.

70
Q

Norm-Referenced Test

A

A test that evaluates each individual relative to a normative group.

71
Q

Criterion-Referenced Test

A

A test that measures achievement according to a predetermined standard.

Praxis (15 decks)

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