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Praxis > Content > Flashcards

Content Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Growth

A

Adequate nutrition and exercise

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2
Q

Alcohol & Drug Abuse

A

Irreparable brain damage to unborn children and low birth weights are only a few causes of abnormal physical and emotional development

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3
Q

Infants: 7 months

A

Crawling

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4
Q

Infants: 8 months

A

Eating with hands (finger foods)

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5
Q

Infants: 9 months

A

Sit up (alone)

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6
Q

Infants: 11 months

A

stand up (alone)

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7
Q

Infants: 12 months

A

Body weight triples

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10
Q

12-15 months to 2.5 years

A

Toddlers (Walking, Feed Self, Self-Control, Learn through Play, expresses utilizing “no”, Toilet-training)

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11
Q

Preschool

A

Exit of Toddlerhood-Entry into Kindergarten

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14
Q

Elementary

A

6-10 in girls; 6-12 in boys

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17
Q

Adolescence

A

Begins at 10, girls/ Begins at 12, boys

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

first significant theory of development

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23
Q

John Watson

A

1900s; originated the behaviorist movement

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25
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Child was “taught” to respond in a particular way to a stimulus that would not naturally elicit that response.

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26
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

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29
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

1900s; developed own form of behaviorism: Instrumental Conditioning

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31
Q

Law of exercise

A

Conditioned response can be strengthened by repeating the response (practice)

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32
Q

Law of effect

A

Rewarded responses are strengthened while punished responses are weakened

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33
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Most influential behaviorist; believed students learned when teachers gave immediate positive feedback

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35
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

studies how voluntary behavior could be shaped

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37
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

(Reward)

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39
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Students escape punishment by repeating desired responses

40
Q

Extinction

A

Undesired responses are not reinforced

41
Q

Punishment

A

Undesired responses are punished

42
Q

Jean Piaget

A

most prominent of cognitive psychologists

47
Q

Stage theory

A

currently the most popular form of child development; helps you understand the general way students learn and develop concepts

48
Q

Sensorimotor

A

(birth to 18 months)

51
Q

Preoperational

A

(18 months to 7 years)

53
Q

Concrete Operational

A

(7-12 years)

55
Q

Formal Operational

A

(12+ years)

57
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); believed that humans pass through 4 stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, and genital and personality itself consists of the id, ego, and superego

58
Q

Erik Eriksen

A

Built on Freud’s work and partitioned the life span into 8 psychosocial stages, 4 of which fall within the school years: Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation

59
Q

Inititiative vs. Guilt

A

Kindergarten: Children accepted and treated warmly tend to feel more comfortable; rejected children tend to become inhibited and guilty

60
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Elementary Grades: Students who are accepted by their peers do well in school and are more successful than those who do not feel good about themselves

61
Q

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

A

Grades 6-9: Students who establish an identity and a sense of direction and who develop gender, social, and occupational roles experience an easier transition into adulthood than those who do not establish these roles.

62
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Grades 10-12: Students who have passed successfully through the other stages will find it easier to establish a relationship with a member of the opposite sex while others may experience a difficult transition into adult life.

63
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

proposed three levels of moral development with two stages at each level: Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, and Postconventional Morality

64
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

(preschool and primary grades)

67
Q

Conventional Morality

A

(middle grades through high school)

70
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

(high school and beyond)

73
Q

Albert Bandura

A

leading social learning theorist

77
Q

modeling

A

when children act the way the see others act, or they learn vicariously by observing others

78
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

nature (heredity and genes) vs. nurture (environment and experience)

81
Q

American schools

A

based upon teachings of Pestalozzi and Herbart

82
Q

Maria Montessori

A

established her school, Casa Bambini, in 1908

84
Q

John Dewey

A

established the first “progressive” school in the 1900s

85
Q

progressive education movement

A

sought to build a curriculum around the child rather than around the subject matter

88
Q

essentialist movement

A

teacher-centered classroom

91
Q

federal government

A

-took a more active role in the schools since the Depression of the 1930s

94
Q

Public Law 94-142/99-457

A

federal government’s first direct intervention in school instruction

96
Q

Public Law 98-199

A

mandates transitional services for high school students

98
Q

Bruner/Process of Education

A

urged student’s active involvement in the learning process.

101
Q

Skinner/behaviorism

A

Skinner thought learning material should be broken down into small manageable steps; students taught step by step and rewarded for success

103
Q

Piaget

A

posited that students go through stages as they develop concepts: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Praxis (15 decks)

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