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Biology H > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is required in order for something to be considered an organic compound?

A

carbon to carbon bonds

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2
Q

What is the most abundant inorganic compound present in an organism?

A

water

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3
Q

What is the inorganic compound that plants obtain carbon from?

A

We obtain the carbon needed by our bodies when we eat plants and they get it from carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Plants take carbon dioxide and convert it to what type of macromolecule and what is the name of the process that allow this conversion?

A

complex organic compounds, process is photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are the two general structures formed when carbon combines to make organic compounds?

A

ring structures or straight/branched chains

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6
Q

What is a functional group?

A

unique clusters of atoms which determine the characteristics of a compound

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7
Q

What do the chemical names of most carbohydrates end with?

A

-ose

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8
Q

What are the names and structural formulas for the two functional groups named when we discussed carbohydrates and lipids?

A

carboxyl gives the molecule it bonds with a nonpolar bond and hydroxyl gives molecule its bonded with polar bond; O-H (Hydroxyl) C-O-O-H (carboxyl)

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9
Q

What is the chemical formula for the simplest group of carbohydrates?

A

C6H12O6

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10
Q

What are the three member of the simplest group of a carbohydrate?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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11
Q

How are glucose and galactose different at the molecular level?

A

The’re isomers; the one hydroxyl group on carbon atom is different than the one on glucose

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12
Q

What would the resulting molecule be if any two molecules of the simplest carbohydrates joined together?

A

disaccharide

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13
Q

What additional molecule is produced by the formation of lactose?

A

water

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14
Q

What would the resulting molecule be called if three or more glucose molecules joined together?

A

polysaccharide

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15
Q

What do we call molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas?

A

isomers

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16
Q

What is the Chemical formula for maltose?

A

C12H22O11

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17
Q

Why are there not exactly twice the number of atoms in a maltose molecule as there are in two glucose molecules ?

A

dehydration synthesis; an H is taken from a stable glucose molecule then an OH group is taken from another stable glucose molecule making them unstable therefore they can bond then the H and OH that were removed bond to form water

18
Q

What would be the molecular formula of the polymer created by joining of two maltose molecule by dehydration synthesis?

A

C24H42O21

19
Q

Plants store glucose in the form of a polysaccharide known as what? and animals store glucose in the form of a polysaccharide known as what?

A

starch;glycogen

20
Q

What would we call this reaction if the arrow were pointing the other direction? When and where would this reaction take place?

A

hydrolysis; occurs when a water molecule is added and it takes place when molecule is produced during dehydration synthesis

21
Q

Why is cellulose necessary for proper digestion?

A

gives muscles of digestive system something to push against so they can contract and move food through the system

22
Q

How does cellulose prevent colon cancer?

A

scrapes its way along digestive tract and removes some cells

23
Q

How would you know that it’s a lipid and not a carbohydrate or protein?

A

doesn’t follow a 2H:1Oxygen ratio and doesn’t have a nitrogen

24
Q

What is the chemical process by which lipids are digested into fatty acids?

A

hydrolysis

25
Q

Why would the body require more water to digest a molecule of triglyceride than a molecule of a disaccharide?

A

a triglyceride during dehydration synthesis takes three OH group and three H from each fatty acid forming three water molecules needed three to break it down; disaccharide only takes one OH and H so it only form one water molecule meaning it only needs one to break it down

26
Q

Why are lipids grouped together in the same category when placed in water?

A

they’re insoluble in water

27
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

one that contains all singly bonded carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

28
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

contains one or more double bonded carbon in the hydrocarbon chain

29
Q

What is a long chain of amino acids?

A

polypeptide

30
Q

What chemical process joins amino acids together?

A

dehydration synthesis

31
Q

What is the most abundant group of organic compounds in the human body?

A

proteins

32
Q

What are the four major groups of proteins and their function?

A

structural proteins: act as the major “building blocks” of body tissue
enzymes: allow complex chemical reactions to take place within body
Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate body functions
antibodies: substances that protect against diseases

33
Q

What is a monomer of a polysaccharide?

A

glucose

34
Q

what is the monomer of a polypeptide?

A

amino acid

35
Q

what is the monomer of a triglyceride?

A

glycerol and fatty acid

36
Q

what is meant by the term “essential amino acid”? How Many are there

A

essential amino acids are the amino acids the body can’t produce so they must be obtained by the food we eat; 10 essential amino acids in kids and 8 in adults

37
Q

What chemical process forms all three macromolecules?

A

dehydration synthesis

38
Q

How does dehydration synthesis work?

A

An H is taken from a stable monomer, an OH group is taken from the other stable monomer, now they’re both unstable so they can bond, the OH and H that were taken now bond to form water molecule

39
Q

What process breaks all three types of macromolecules into their monomers?

A

hydrolysis

40
Q

How does hydrolysis work?

A

takes water molecule breaks down into an H and OH group. Then macromolecule is seperated into two unstable monomers. The H is added to the one monomer and the OH is added to the other monomer thus reestablishing their original stable monomers

Biology H (3 decks)

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