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Biology H > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a cell?

A

The smallest unit of an organism that can carry on the activities of life

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2
Q

What are the activities of life ?

A

Homeostasis: maintaining constant internal environment
Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions needed for life
Reproduction: to make more of something
Heredity: the passing of genetic information from parent to offspring

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3
Q

Why are cells small?

A

They’re more efficient when they’re small; if cells grow too large they’re surface area becomes too small compared to the volume to take in nutrients and remove enough wastes so it won’t meet needs of cells

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4
Q

What will the cell do if it becomes too large ?

A

Divide if it can or die

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5
Q

Surface area and volume formula

A

6s(squared)

S(cubed)

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6
Q

What increases faster than surface area?

A

Volume of an object (cytoplasm) increases much faster than surface area (cell membrane)

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7
Q

What is mainly responsible for keeping homeostasis?

A

Outer surface layer of the cell known as the cell membrane

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Regulates the exchange of all materials; all substances that enter or leave the cell must cross the cell membrane (nutrients,wastes,information)

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9
Q

At what rate does the material travel if they travel further ?

A

Slower the greater the distance materials must travel to reach their destinations

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10
Q

What are the cell membrane two technical terms?

A

Plasma membrane: refers to ability of cell membrane to be able to move or be flexible
Bilipid layer: refers to its basic structure, 2 layers of lipid; contains phospholipids

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11
Q

What are the two major parts of the phospholipids ?

A

Head: consists of glycerol and phosphate group & has chemically polar nature
Tail: consists of 2 fatty acid chains & has chemically no polar nature (0 charge differences)

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12
Q

What are the membrane proteins?

A

2 parts that allow them to be held within phospholipid of lipid bilayer

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13
Q

What does the outside part of membrane protein contain?

A

Polar amino acids that form hydrogen bonds w/ water

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14
Q

What does the inside section of membrane proteins contain?

A

Non polar amino acids that interact w/ nonpolar Regions of lipid bilayer

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15
Q

What are the three types of membrane protein ?

A

Channels,receptors, & ID markers

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16
Q

What do channels do?

A

allow ions & some polar molecules to enter & exit the cell

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17
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Each type has unique shale & conveys information from outside the cell to inside the cell

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18
Q

What does the special shape of the receptor allow it to do?

A

Fit with only one type of molecule which then regulates the cells function

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19
Q

What do ID markers do?

A

Function with immune system to determine if cell is part of that organism or if it’s foreign invader

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20
Q

What are id markers codes for by?

A

persons DNA so identical twins will have identical markers and close family members will have some similarities in markers if determined by non self it’ll destroy white blood cells & antibodies from immune system

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21
Q

What shapes the cell membrane ?

A

Interaction between phospholipid of cell membrane & water found inside/outside the cell
Polar portion is attracted to polar water molecule>nonpolar tail are repelled by water molecules

22
Q

What are the two basic functions of a cell membrane?

A

Acts as selective barrier and provides flexible shape to cell

23
Q

What does the cell membrane consists of?

A

Two layers of phospholipids w/ embedded proteins b/c of 2 chemically opposing regions of each phospholipid layer 2 distinct layers are created causes head portion to move toward water & tail portion to move away from water & turn towards each other

24
Q

What does the selective barrier do?

A

Some substances are allowed to pass through membrane others can’t (selectively permeable)

25
Q

What are the three criteria that determine if it can pass through ?

A

Size of particle: if it’s small it has better chance of crossing that if it’s big
Solubility: if it’s lipid soluble then cross
Charge: if has strong charge or is large,polar molecule it won’t cross

26
Q

How does cell membrane provide flexible shape of cell ?

A

Phospholipid and protein in membrane aren’t fixed in place but can shift from one region of cell to another
-allows cell membrane to be structured to meet needs of diff. Cell types (steroid molecules are found between phospholipid &give me brain fluridity(in animal cells steroid=cholesterol)

27
Q

How is the second function the idea of fluid mosaic model?

A

Lipid bilayer behaves more like fluid than solid since phospholipid & proteins can come laterally within membrane b/c it’s made of many diff components it is considered mosaic

28
Q

What two major categories can cells be divided into?

A

Prokaryotes: unicellular organisms only, basic in structure, lack nucleus, DNA found in plasmid, contains few organelles, bacteria only
Eukaryotes: Uni/multi-cellular organism, more complex in structure, contain nucleus, DNA found in chromosomes, contains many organelles, all other cell are members

29
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Membrane bound structure that is responsible for unique cell function

30
Q

Where are organelles found?

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

What do organelles allow?

A

Specialization of eukaryotic cells; # & type of organelle found in cell varies on type of cell & cells particular function

32
Q

What are the types of organelles?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuoles, microtubules & microfilaments, centrioles, lysosomes, chloroplasts, & cell wall

33
Q

What’s does nucleus do?

A

Oversees all cell activities by storing & copying gentle info

34
Q

What does nucleolus do

A

Found inside nucleus, responsible for making all forms of RNA

35
Q

What does mitochondria do ?

A

Loaded w/ enzymes whose job is to breakdown organic molecules to obtain their energy content and to transfer this energy to useful form of cellular energy (ATP)
-series of chem reactions known as cellular respiration

36
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Composed of RNA & proteins, site of protein production, some float freely in cytoplasm & produce proteins that are used by cell, others attached to ER from cell to use in other parts of organisms

37
Q

What do ER do?

A

System of membranous sacs and tubules the function in biosynthesis modification and transportation of materials it could also connect the nuclear membrane to the plasma Membrane smooth ER is involved in the production of lipids (steroids) rough ER contain ribosomes it is involved in the production of proteins

38
Q

What do Golgi Body do?

A

Processes packages & then secrete substances from the cell it places a lipid bilayer around substances that are to be exported from cell

39
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Mainly store water in cell plant cells contain a single large vacuole the water within the also helps the plant cell keep its shape by producing turgor. In animal cells it contains many small vacuoles that contain water and waste products

40
Q

What do microtubules and microfilaments do?

A

Are strands of proteins that make up the cytoskeleton of cell the cytoskeleton gives the cell additional shape and support and participates in the movement of organelles in the cell

41
Q

What do microtubules and microfilaments make?

A

Microfilaments: cylia& flagella that aid in cell ()
Microtubules: form spinster fiber that aid in moving () during cell division

42
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

found in animal cells only, aid in separation of February to proper cells during cell division

43
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Found in animal cells, Protists, and fungi only, nickname “suicide sacs” b/c when turned on they contain hydrolysis enzymes that are responsible for breakdown of anything within cell (i.e. Bacteria&viruses that have entered cell, worn down organelles, all organic molecules

44
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Found in plant cells only, loaded w/ enzymes whose job is to produce organic compounds from sunlight & inorganic compounds: H20 & CO2 > series of chem reactions known as photosynthesis

45
Q

What does cell wall do?

A

Although not organelle it makes up outermost surface layer of plant cell, cell membrane is directly beneath it, made of cellulose & its rigid structure gives support to plant cell

46
Q

What are the levels of organization ?

A

Different organism vary in complexity

  • this complexity is result of how various cells are organized within it
  • cell, tissue, organ, organ system
47
Q

What are unicellular organism?

A

Consists of only one cell so it has only first level of organizations- cell which is basic unit of structure and function for all living things

48
Q

What level of organization do animal cells have ?

A

All four-
Cell:basic unit of structure& function for all living things
Tissue- group of similar cells that work together to perform specific function
Organs- group of different tissues that work together to perform specific function
Organ system: group of different organs that perform specific function

49
Q

What are the two things that tissue have?

A

Cell specialization: cell performs all normal function that keeps cell Alive + additional function that Aidans in keeping organism Alive (nerve cells, red blood cells, muscle cells)
Division of labor: individual cells no longer responsible for all functions performed within organism but different cells are responsible for individual tasks necessary for organism survival

50
Q

What do nerve, red blood, and muscle cells do?

A

Nerve: carry electrical impulses that allow organisms to send message throughout organism
Red blood: carry oxygen and allow organism to grow large since cells no longer need to be in direct contact with outside environment
Muscle: contract and allow movement

Biology H (3 decks)

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