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cardio > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

pacemaker rate at the SA node

A

60-100

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2
Q

pacemaker rate @ AV node

A

40-55

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3
Q

pacemaker rate @ bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

A

25-40

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4
Q

normal P wave duration

A

0.06-0.11

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5
Q

normal QRS complex duration

A

0.07-0.11

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6
Q

normal PR interval duration

A

0.12-0.2

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7
Q

ventricular myocyte repolarization (phase 3)

A

T wave

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8
Q

the entire action potential for the ventricular myocytes (depolarization- plateau- repolarization)

A

QT interval

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9
Q

ventricular myocyte plateau phase (phase 2)

A

ST segment

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10
Q

ECG interpretation - top 4 questions

A
  1. are there P waves?
  2. is there a P wave following every QRS?
  3. what is pacing the heart?
  4. what does each deflection look like?
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11
Q

axis: 0 degrees

A

lead I

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12
Q

axis: 60 degrees

A

lead II

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13
Q

axis: 120 degrees

A

lead III

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14
Q

axis: -30 degrees

A

avL

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15
Q

axis: 90 degrees

A

avF

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16
Q

axis: -150 degrees

A

avR

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17
Q

precordial lead placement: right 4th interspace, adjacent to sternum

A

V1

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18
Q

precordial lead placement: left 4th interspace adjacent to the sternum

A

V2

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19
Q

precordial lead placement: positioned halfway between V2 and V4

A

V3

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20
Q

precordial lead placement: the 5th interspace on the midclavicular line;

A

V4

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21
Q

precordial lead placement: placed directly lateral to V4 with V5 on the anterior axillary line and V6 on the midaxillary line.

A

V5, V6

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22
Q

which segment is roughly coincident with phase 2 of the AP?

A

ST segment

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23
Q

that point where the QRS joins the ST segment with an angle normally about 90°

A

The J point

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24
Q

which pacemaker is not included in the PR interval?

A

the SA node

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25
Q

why is the t wave and the qrs upright?

A

b/c the myocardium repolarizes in the opposite direction from the depolarization event

26
Q

waves and complexes analysis consists of what?

A
  1. Duration
  2. Amplitude
  3. Morphology
  4. Vector
27
Q

p waves are always negative in ______

A

aVR

28
Q

what is the best lead to look at p waves?

A

lead 2

29
Q

tall p waves in lead 2 & V1 associated with what abnormality?

A

right atrial conduction abnormality

30
Q

notched p waves in lead 2 associated with what abnormality?

A

left atrial conduction abnormality

31
Q

PR interval >0.2 sec

A

1st degree AV block

32
Q

what can cause the PR interval to prolong?

A

increases with age

33
Q

what does the QT interval represent?

A

the time that it takes the entire heart to cycle 1x

34
Q

how to measure QT interval

A

beginning to QRS to end of T wave

35
Q

axis determination: if lead 1 & aVF positive?

A

axis is normal

36
Q

axis determination: if lead 1 is positive, aVF is negative

A

axis if leftward

37
Q

axis determination: is lead 1 is negative, aVF is positive

A

axis is rightward

38
Q

tall pointy p wave in lead 2?

A

right atrial abnormality

39
Q

people with ____BBB have a worse CV prognosis than ppl who don’t

A

LBBB

40
Q

results in broad QS in V1 and broad, slurred R wave in V6;

A

LBBB

41
Q

shows broad QRS with an rSR’ pattern in V1 and deep, broad S wave in V6.

A

RBBB

42
Q

how many fascicles in right bundle?

A

1

43
Q

Left axis, at least –45 degrees, QRS

A

Left Anterior Fascicular Block

44
Q

Right axis, usually +120 or more, normal QRS, no evidence or RVH

A

Left Posterior Fascicular Block

45
Q

what are the most common types of trivascicular blocks?

A

RBBB + LAFB + 1st degree AV block

46
Q

if block in all fascicles is complete?

A

3rd degree AV block

47
Q

PR interval >0.2, unrelated to ischemic heart disease & generally benign

A

first degree AV block

48
Q

PR interval, usually normal, progressively lengthens until AV conduction is lost; Grouped QRS complexes, longest cycle is less than twice the length of the shortest cycle;

A

2nd degree AV block Type 1: “the Wenckebach phenomenon

49
Q

which type almost always includes a BBB, includes dropping of the QRS without prolongation of PR interval

A

2nd degree AV block type 2

50
Q

which type of 2nd degree AV block has a worse prognosis?

A

type 2

51
Q

what are the 3 main determinants of myocardial oxygen demand?

A

HR, contractility, myocardial wall tension

52
Q

which layer of the myocardium is most susceptible to damage?

A

subendocardial layer

53
Q

pre-excitation plus the classic supraventricular arrhythmia

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

54
Q

ECG result is a short PR interval (

A

ventricular pre-excitation

55
Q

what is the most common cause of a pause on an ECG?

A

nonconducted atrial premature

56
Q

ventricular prematures that occur in the ________ventricle are more commonly associated with heart disease

A

LEFT VPD

57
Q

is a fib or a flutter faster & irregularly irregular?

A

atrial fib

58
Q

what is the Most common arrhythmia in US

A

a fib

59
Q

common in healthy young people, related to anxiety, excess caffeine, fatigue

A

reentrant junctional tachyarrhytmias

60
Q

if apply carotid sinus massage to sinus tach, what happens?

A

can break the rhythm

61
Q

if apply carotid sinus massage to atrial flutter

A

doesn’t convert, but brings out the flutter waves

62
Q

if apply carotid sinus massage to reentrant jxnal tachycardia?

A

converts to sinus rhythm

cardio (25 decks)

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